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Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy

Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy. DANUBE Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks

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Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy

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  1. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy DANUBE Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007

  2. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction

  3. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction The Danube is the world‘s most international river and the second longest river in Europe at 2,780 km. Its entire catchment includes 18 states, covering 801,463 sq. km2. The Danube River itself travels through 10 states. Four of Europe‘s capital cities are situated on its banks and milions of people rely directly on the Danube for their livelihood, e.g. drinking water, fisheries, and tourism. It is the very lifeline of Europe.

  4. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction Since the construction of the German Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in 1992, the Danube river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea (3500 km). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years.

  5. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction As "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. The river connects the Black Sea with the industrial centers of Western Europe and with the Port of Rotterdam. The waterway is designed for large scale inland vessels (110 by 11.45 meters) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Further proposals to build a number of new locks in order to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.

  6. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction Downstream from the Freudenau Locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions (similar to the locks in the Russian Volga river, some 300 by over 30 meters). Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometers.

  7. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction The Danube connects with the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal at Kelheim, and with the Wiener Donaukanal in Vienna. Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisza. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Dunav-Tisa-Dunav canals, links sections downstream.

  8. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of 3 bridges in Serbia. The clearance of the debris was finished in 2002. The temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was finally removed in 2005.

  9. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania. It contains the hydroelectric Iron Gate I dam, followed at about 60 km downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate ll dam. On 2006-04-13 a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m³/s.

  10. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Introduction • There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: • the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); • the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km; • - the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

  11. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Current situation Despite many man-made changes and technological impacts, the Danube stil retains much of its outstanding ecological quality today. WWF considers the Danube as one of the Earth‘s 200 most valuable eco-regions with unique biodiversity, a great potential for ecological improvements and additional socio-economic benefits.

  12. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Current situation The Danube is a major waterway in Europe with a large potential for transporting goods In its efforts to promote this potential, the shipping industry is focusing on further development of the Danube navigation channel through new dams and regulation projects, as well as construction of new artificial waterways. The European Union (EU) plans to support these developments, providing substantial co-funding to inland navigation within the framework of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T).

  13. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Current situation Rhine/Meuse–Main–Danube inland waterway is Priority axis No 18 , one of 30 priority ongoing projects of EU TEN-T program. Removing bottlenecks on the Rhine–Main–Danube Corridor VII will improve its navigability, favouring the transfer of freight traffic on this increasingly congested route from road to waterways.

  14. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is the axis? What are its expected benefits? The project will improve the competitiveness of the waterway in relation to other modes of transport on this multimodal east–west route, in order to encourage the transfer of freight transport away from roads. This modal shift is particularly vital along the Danube corridor, which is increasingly congested due to sharp increases in the volume of traffic, which are expected to continue.

  15. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is the axis? What are its expected benefits? Some five billion tonne-kilometres of freight could be transferred to waterways each year, in the long term, by increasing the link’s overall capacity by around 30 %. Improvements in inland waterway navigability will benefit operators by significantly reducing transport costs per tonne of freight, in the order of 20–30 %. It will integrate the networks of several of the new Member States into the TEN-T, and will also be instrumental in improving economic and social cohesion by creating jobs.

  16. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is the axis? What are its expected benefits? The Rhine–Main–Danube axis is a major freight route connecting the North Sea (port of Rotterdam) to the Black Sea (in particular the port of Constanta). Several sections pose navigability problems since the draught is less than 2.8 meters at some times of year. To give access to vessels of up to 3 000 tonnes, a minimum draught of 2.5 metres is required along the entire length of the waterway.

  17. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is the axis? What are its expected benefits? Construction work on various stretches of the Danube – in Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria – should ensure the minimum draught at all, or most, times of year. In particular, work should clear the major bottleneck on the Straubing–Vilshofen section in Germany, which has the most restricted draught on the entire route. This project also includes work on one of the main branches of the Rhine, the River Meuse, to ensure a 3.5 metre draught giving access into Belgium for vessels of up to 6 000 tonnes.

  18. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? In most of the countries concerned, the necessary construction projects are included in national transport infrastructure development plans Cost-effectiveness studies and environmental impact analyses for the various sections are in progress or have been completed, as have studies to analyse the flood risk resulting from the changes to the river. The option being prepared by Germany for the Vilshofen–Straubing section will improve navigability, but will not guarantee a draught of 2.5 meters throughout the whole year. More extensive improvements are still under consideration.

  19. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? In Austria, the environmental impact assessment for the work should be completed in 2007. Hungary has launched a study (with TEN-T funding), which should be completed in late 2007. And the Hungarian and Slovak authorities aim to establish joint guidelines for work on the common section of the Danube. Romania has implemented some works to improve navigability and has asked for technical assistance from the EU to prepare a comprehensive study for the project in its territory, with 75 % of the costs financed by the ISPA (pre-accession structural assistance) fund.

  20. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Works on the river Meuse in the Netherlands was started in 2005, and on the lock at Lanaken in Belgium, north of Liège, in 2006. In addition to the infrastructure projects, optimising transport conditions also requires improved management of inland waterway traffic. River information services (RIS) will be deployed to provide common, harmonised information services. These will support traffic and transport management for inland navigation, and create interfaces with other modes of transport.

  21. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? These services will support modal shift to more environment-friendly transport modes on the corridor. Currently, under TEN-T, Member States are developing a master plan for the coordinated technological, financial and physical deployment of the EU directive on RIS on the European inland-waterway system in coming years.

  22. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status?

  23. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Lower Danube - Navigation The navigation channel on the Danube has to comply with internationally accepted design standards. For the Danube the design guidelines as established by the Danube Commission are applicable. For the sections of the Danube located upstream the Iron Gates I and II the recommended water depths amounts to 35 dm below the minimum retention levels of the dams. This depths are at present provided along the whole section between Blazias and Iron Gate I (rkm 1073 – 863).

  24. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Lower Danube - Navigation Downstream of the Iron Gates I the Danube is free flowing without any dams. For this part of the river (Lower Danube) the recommended depth of the navigational channel is 25 dm below the Reference level (duration 94%). The recommended width of the navigation channel at this level is 180 m, while the minimal radius of the channel has been recommended at 1000 m. The clearance height (air draft) above High Water Level (probability of exceedance 1%) is 9.5 m for bridges spanning rivers and 19.0 m for high voltage cables.

  25. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Lower Danube - Navigation With respect to this design dimensions, it should be noted that the Least Available Depth (LAD) is the predominant factor affecting navigation conditions as it determines the allowable draft of the vessels and hence the caring capacity of the fleet. Provision of sufficient water depths along the Danube is therefore considered to be of more importance then meeting the required channel widths, certainly when the traffic intensity (i.e. number of vessels) is relatively small.

  26. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Lower Danube - Navigation Available Channel Depths and widths Detailed analyses, based on daily water level records have been made for the shallow and narrow sections (or “navigational bottlenecks”) on the Danube for the period 1988 – 1998. Location with shallow and narrow sections on the Danube between Iron Gates I and Giurgeni (rkm 863 – 239) are well researched. The two most important bottlenecks for navigation are located at Belene island (rkm 576 – 561) and at Caragheorghe sand bar (rkm 344 – 343).

  27. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 What is its current status? Lower Danube - Navigation A number of shipwrecks (mainly from the Second World War) are located along Lower Danube. Due care is required from the captains while passing this locations. Removal of the wrecks is hindered by the expecting presence of bombs. Extensive capital and maintenance dredging has been carried out but without any considerable success. Sedimentation at the “depth bottlenecks” is very high and navigability conditions deteriorate rather quickly.

  28. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Alternatives for Improving Navigation on the Lower Danube River For assessing (technically and economically) viability of undertaking major hydrological works to improve the navigation conditions, a number of alternative development strategies have been defined: “Autonomous scenario” – means countries to continue the works concerning maintenance of navigation channel like as last 10 years. The policy for the river section between Iron Gate I and Vit River (rkm. 863-610) and Silistra – Giurgeni (rkm.375 – 239) is to provide a navigable channel mainly through reccurent maintenance dredging and some river training works for “Bala” arm.

  29. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Alternatives for Improving Navigation on the Lower Danube River Due to insufficient funds after 1990 improving navigation activities are very limited. For the section between Vit River and Silistra neither any improvement works have been implemented nor maintenance dredging has been carried out for the Danube by Bulgaria in the last decade. This is due to anticipation of the implementation of 2 Power Plants on the Danube – at Nikopol/Turnu Magurele (rkm.580,65) and Calarasi/Silistra (rkm. 384,5). The reason for quite limited maintenance dredging and bank protection works is the same – insufficient funds. In view of these developments, the “autonomous scenario” should be defined as “do-nothing” scenario.

  30. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Alternatives for Improving Navigation on the Lower Danube River Action plan • Constriction of the width of the river, particularly at low water, thereby increasing the available depths of the river through a natural process (groins and closure of side or secondary branches of the river); • Application of maintenance dredging (recurrent) only for the navigation channel of the river; • Combination of constriction works with maintenance dredging and Bank protection where necessary; • Building up Hydro Power Plants (Dams).

  31. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants The summary presented here is based on an extensive research work as carried out till 1990. Cost estimates have been updated till 1996 price levels. The Danube River is considered as an important source for employment and income in Bulgaria. In the past 25 years, more than 20 governmental acts have been instituted to find ways and means to tap this vital resource.

  32. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants Following have been the main topics of research and negotiations: • Electric energy output • Navigation • Infrastructure, including bank protection and rectification • Irrigation • Water supply • Extraction of essential materials • Recreation and tourism • Fishing • Agricultural activities • Industrial manufacturing

  33. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants At the moment: Due to considerable changes from hydrological and hydraulic point of view in the whole catchment area of Danube River as well as along the river upstream Novo selo (urbanization, artificial reservoirs, river training works, water pollution, global climate change etc.) the Lower Danube hydrological aspects have been change as follows: • Change of the river morphology from an accumulative to an erosive type • An up to 26% reduction in the river run-off • An up to 60-80 cm drop in the water levels • An increased volume of dredging works which exceeds the dynamic stock of sediments

  34. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants At the moment: Due to considerable changes from hydrological and hydraulic point of view in the whole catchment area of Danube River as well as along the river upstream Novo selo (urbanization, artificial reservoirs, river training works, water pollution, global climate change etc.) the Lower Danube hydrological aspects have been change as follows: • Lowering of the ground water levels in the adjacent teraces and islands; • Lowering of the water levels in the lower sections of the tributaries; • Drying up of protective and reservation areas; • An increase of activities and costs for maintenance of the navigation channel • Deteriorated stability of some structures and increased rate of bank erosion.

  35. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants The major impact of the dams Irrigation and Agriculture : • Increase of irrigation area with minimum electric consumption by 50 000 ha in Bulgaria and more than 160 000 ha in Romania • Increase of an arable land for irrigation: 250 000 ha in Bulgaria and 450 000 ha in Romania • Stabilization of water ground level • Possibility to transform some areas from flooded part of the river as arable land

  36. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants The major impact of the dams Water supply and sewerage systems: • The significant increase of the ground water levels will reduce the energy expenses for numerous water supply systems • All of the sewerage systems shall be completed with the necessary water treatment plants

  37. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants Applying multi-criteria assessment, in recognition of the technical, economic, social and environmental factors, the main characteristics of the two Power plants are:

  38. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants Applying multi-criteria assessment, in recognition of the technical, economic, social and environmental factors, the main characteristics of the two Power plants are:

  39. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Building up Hydro Power Plants Applying multi-criteria assessment, in recognition of the technical, economic, social and environmental factors, the main characteristics of the two Power plants are:

  40. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Benefits Electric Energy Output: • The use of the Danube water for the energy production will save more than 6,4 mln tons lignite and more than 500 000 tons of fuel annually during the life period of the Nuclear Power Station •The non renewable resources will be saved for the needs of other economic activities

  41. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Benefits Navigation: • The Danube River will remain navigable at all the times • The sea-river ships may be able to pass the Iron Gates • The navigation dredging will be not necessary anymore • The navigation capacity of the Danube River will increase • The cost of the transport by the Danube water way will decrease • The tributary’s downstream sections will become partly navigable too

  42. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Benefits Infrastructure: • Two new points for Danube land traffic crossing will be developed •For the present the crossing Danube River routes at Lower Danube are quite insufficient – only the bridge Rouse/Giurgiu

  43. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds Modern economies cannot generate wealth and employment without highly efficient transport networks. This is particularly true in Europe where, for goods and people to circulate quickly and easily between Member States, we must build the missing links and remove the bottlenecks in our transport infrastructure. The Trans-European Transport Network is a key element in the re launched Lisbon strategy for competitiveness and employment in Europe for that reason alone: to unblock major transport routes and ensure sustainable transport, including through major technological projects.

  44. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds The TEN-T legislation is only the beginning of the process, and the real challenge is to move ahead faster to get new and upgraded links into service. Procedural and technical difficulties are slowing down progress on some of the priority axes, notably on cross-border sections, but the major cause of delay is lack of funds. The EU may contribute some funding for these projects, but the majority must come from national and regional governments and the private sector.

  45. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds The Structural and Cohesion Funds may fund TEN-T infrastructure projects in specific regions. In the period 2000–06, these funds contributed around EUR 20 billion to TEN-T projects, in particular in Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain (which have benefited from the Cohesion Fund in this period). Additional Structural Funding has been allocated to the new Member States, including EUR 2.48 billion in pre-accession support. For 2004–06, EUR 4.24 billion and EUR 2.53 billion were committed from the Cohesion and Structural Funds respectively.

  46. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds Beyond 2006, both the Cohesion Fund and Structural Funds will remain a major source of funds for TEN-T projects in regions with weaker economic performance. Finally, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has lent around EUR 50 billion to Member States for TEN-T projects over the past decade. In the years up to 2010, it expects to be able to lend the same again for TEN-T projects.

  47. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds However, even with significantly increased national and Community funding (including loans), there is still a major funding gap before the TEN-T projects can be completed. It is estimated that, for certain projects, the private sector could contribute a maximum of 20 % of the necessary funds, but national governments will remain a crucial element in the funding of TEN-T. The Commission is examining how to make public–private partnerships (PPP s) for construction and operation of cross-border infrastructure more feasible, in particular through a review of procurement and concession rules.

  48. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds For example, the Commission plans to introduce, from 2007, a new mechanism to grant loan guarantees in order to cover commercial risks during the initial phase of exploitation of a concession, for example, if revenue is lower than expected and the concessionary has difficulties in paying back loans on time. Raising more revenue from users is an essential part of PPPs. The EU has launched an infrastructure charging policy in the rail sector, and is revising its policy for the road sector. Modifications currently under discussion on the user-charging scheme for heavy goods vehicles – the so-called Eurovignette directive – seek to set up a kilometre-based system covering the actual costs of the vehicle’s trip.

  49. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 Funding Finding the Funds

  50. Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Economy and Energy Nikopol/Turnu Magurele & Calarasi/Silistra Project Power Plants - Bridges - Locks 03.03.2007 In Conclusion The Danube has the potential to become one of the main waterways and transport axes of Europe, as is the intention of TEN-T. This could bring prosperity to the people that live in the river basin. Prosperity, however, is more than earning capacity and money alone. People stil want to live in a clean and healthy environment.

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