1 / 44

Ancient History of Latin America

Ancient History of Latin America. Ch. 9 Sec. 2. Ancient Empires. Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC Mxn Gulf Coast Ruled by priests & royals/elite No mention of military? Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone carving. Ancient Empires. Mayan: 250-900

jenn
Télécharger la présentation

Ancient History of Latin America

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ancient History of Latin America Ch. 9 Sec. 2

  2. Ancient Empires • Olmecs: 1400 BC-500 BC • Mxn Gulf Coast • Ruled by priests & royals/elite • No mention of military? • Known for giant stone heads (40 tons) • Mastered crafts- rubber, jade, stone carving

  3. Ancient Empires • Mayan: 250-900 • Southern MX/ Northern CA (Guatemala/ Yucatan Pen.) • Tikal & Chichen Itza major cities • Ruled by priests & nobles • Priests performed sacrifices for good harvests, war success

  4. Ancient Empires • Mayan cont’d • Extensive farming techniques/terracing • Lots of maize pop. grew quickly • Dev. glyphs for recording hist. & honoring gods (Spanish burned most books many left untranslated) • 365 day solar calendar

  5. Tikal (Guatemala) Chichen Itza

  6. Ancient Empires • Aztecs: 1300s-1520s • Founded Tenochtitlán in C. MX Island in Lake Texcoco • Chinampas- floating islands • Foods shared with world • maize (corn) • chocolate (xocoatl)- only for elite though- “Food of the gods” • tomatoes

  7. Ancient Empires • Aztecs cont’d • Ruled by emperor next military, then majority (farmers), last were criminals & slaves • Priests had own class • Human sacrifices to sun god to rise ea. day • Tens of thousands: mostly P.O.W.s and some noble family members

  8. Ancient Empires • Inca: 1430s-1530s • Andes Mtns, Ecuador  Chile • Ruled by emperor (Sapa Inca) • Then military (very oppressive) • Extensive road network thru mtns (rivals Romans) • Runners to warn of rebellion, invaders • All roads went thru Cuzco

  9. Original Incan road Machu Picchu

  10. Ancient Empires • Inca cont’d • Used quipu for record keeping (for traders) • Spoke Quechua (dev. into ethnic grp.) • No written lang. • Masters of terracing & irrigation from Pac. Ocn. • Domesticated alpacas & llamas

  11. Terracing Quipu

  12. Decline of Empires • Olmecs: ?? (volcano, absorbed) • Mayan: ?? (frequent war??, overpop. over farm??) • Aztecs: Span. conquistador Hernán Cortés (1521) • Inca: Span. conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1535)

  13. European Conquests • From 1500s-1700s • Colonizing for power and resources for home country • Columbian Exchange • As disease killed many Natives, they began enslaving Africans to meet labor shortages

  14. Latin American Revolutions

  15. Sources of Discontent- Late 1700s • Viceroys- Spanish governors • Peninsulares- Spaniards living in LA • Creoles- straight Euro. descent • Mestizos- Native + Euro. • Mulattoes- Afn. + Euro. • Zambos- Native + Afn. • Amerindians- Natives ALL distrusted one another

  16. Sources of Discontent • Peninsulares/Viceroys wanted self-rule • Creoles read works of Enlightenment thinkers; All looked to Amn & Fr. Rev wanted more rights • Nat. & Afns wanted freedom from slavery • Finally acted when Napoleon defeated Spain (made weaker)

  17. Haiti’s Struggle • French-ruled • Sugar & coffee plantations = 1/2 million slaves lots of $ for France • 25,000 free (but not equal) mulattoes

  18. Haiti’s Struggle • Revolted in 1791 • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave, but educated • Napoleon went in to regain, but Pres. TJ aided rebels • 1804: Complete independence

  19. Haiti is first non-slave nation in Western Hemisphere

  20. Mexico’s Fight • Father Hidalgo: El Grito de Dolores • 1810: cry for independence • encouraged lower class (mestizos) to fight for indep. and more rights • Hidalgo was executed Fr. Jose Morales led fight (later executed) • Creoles (pure Span. descent) against rebels at 1st

  21. Mexico’s Fight • 1820: new govn’t in Spain  scared Creoles  fought with rebels  won in 1821 • Set up monarchy 1st, later a republic never stable

  22. United Central America followed suit (early 1820s) • Union broke: • Guatemala • Nicaragua • Honduras • El Salvador • Costa Rica • But how do they know how to rule themselves?

  23. Simón Bolívar • 1810: Bolivar led revolt in Venezuela  form republic (did not last) • Went on to Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia republics • Joined Jose de San Martin • Leader in Argentina & Chile

  24. Simón Bolívar • Wars ended in 1824 • Tried to unite lands into Gran Colombia  • Biggest problem: Power struggles caused huge civil wars turn to military

  25. Brazil • Napoleon beat Portugal  • Royals fled to Brazil  • King made reforms  • Left son Dom Pedro to rule… • But new powers in Portugal were against Dom Pedro…

  26. Brazil • He made Brazil independent constitutional monarchy • Freedom of press & religion; elected legislature • 1889: became republic w/o any violence

  27. Dictatorships • As the countries fought for indep., power went to new people • European & indigenous hist. stressed rank & privilege • So ppl of power and strength were natural fit • Enter the era of CAUDILLOS (dictators)

  28. Dictatorships • Haiti: • Instability stays • Blacks vs. mulattoes- assassination of each other’s leaders • Many military coups (even of democratically elected pres!), US occupancy, military dictatorships • UN peacekeepers present since 2004

  29. Dictatorships • Mexico: • Series of military dictatorships • beginning with Santa Anna • 1920s: Had “ify” multi-party elections (PRI ruled for 70+ yrs) • Charged with fraud, unfair elections • Venezuela • From Bolivar on, dictatorships gave into military regimes

  30. Dictatorships • Brazil: • Dom Pedro’s son helped econ. and ended slavery landowners revolted to oust emperor • Set up fed. Republic • Lack of democratic tradition brought about decades of dictatorships, Nazi, & Communist uprisings • 1985 marked 1st civilian president

  31. Dictatorships • People are unhappy REVOLT • Option A: the military puts out revolt and resumes power to keep order • Option B: rebels win & put in someone military/wealthy don’t like  military coup

  32. Caribbean Independence • 1898: Cuba from Spain • 1900s: Jamaica & Barbados from Britain • Some still under foreign control

  33. Panama Canal • Isthmus perfect place to connect oceans • Ferdinand de Lesseps (Suez Canal) tried but failed • Disease, geography, $ • Bunau-Varilla asked US pres TR (1901) to aid building

  34. Panama Canal • Panama was part of Colombia at time • Col. refused to give up land • Panamanians revolted, US helped them • Panama gained independence (1903) • Canal began in 1904, until 1914 • US owned until 1999

  35. Cuba • Like others, ppl were discontent with govn’t • Cuba- gap b/w rich and poor • Revolution led by Fidel Castro set up Communist State with military dictator (1959) • Ruled until 06-08 left Raul (brother) in power

  36. Change • Mexico: • Mid-90s gave rise to Zapatista rebels • Fight for indigenous rights spreads • 2000 marked PAN take over (Vicente Fox, Felipe Calderon) • Venezuela: • Coups lasted into 90s, one even by current leftist Pres. Chavez • Electorate voted him in b/c he was a strong ruler in a time a of crisis

More Related