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Characterising and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork

Characterising and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork. Hélène Richoux, UMR ICAR Translation : Vincent Parbelle. IMPRESSE – Berlin – April 2007. Characterizing and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork.

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Characterising and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork

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  1. Characterising and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork Hélène Richoux, UMR ICAR Translation : Vincent Parbelle IMPRESSE – Berlin – April 2007

  2. Characterizing and studying the processes worked out by the teachers for labwork • A tool to describe the instructions given to students during laboratory works context of its construction and presentation of the tool • Using this tool to characterize students’ tasks, to analyse processes, … Two examples with a similar learning objective • Two examples labelled “inquiry process” • From a guided to an inquiry process…questions about physics and chemistry teacher training IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  3. - Small groups of 2 or 3 students in a specially equipped laboratory Practicals in physics and chemistry in French lower and upper secondary school 1h1/2 each week for all students (15 years old) 2h (or more) each week for students who learn sciences • scientific equipment for each group : • tailor-made for schools • standard • generally, a worksheet instructs the studentswhat to do IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  4. SHED YOUR LIGHTS… • Achille Talon, his father and his neighbour go camping. They have at their disposal 3 tents but only one battery. • You have to set up an electric circuit which will allow to light up each tent, independently from each other. • First, you will work individually, then as a group. During group work, you have to suggest a solution and argue your choice. DRIVEN OSCILLATIONS OF A RLC CIRCUIT I. Recognizing the driven oscillations Set up the circuit shown Complete the diagram with the measuring devices. Plot the graphs u(t) and i(t)… II. The phenomenon of resonance Add an ammeter to the circuit Give different values to the frequency and plot the values of f and I. Plot the graph I(f). Determine the value of the frequency … Observe and plot the graphs u(t) and i(t) … Examples of worksheets IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  5. A method to describe and analyse the tasks given for learning • The context: a research on labworkin France(1998, Beaufils & al.) • Many discussions and criticisms about the tasks given to the students for learning, about the processes elaborated by teachers, about the uses of data … • The use of computers in school laboratories to modify teaching processes • A research to study the evolution of teachers ‘ practices • A tool to analyse the tasks: a complex grid to characterize the instructions written on worksheets • A new grid adapted for teacher training IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  6. Description of the instructions to students I. Using information from a text, a table, etc.. O. Observing, with or without manipulation C. Choosing, guessing, suggesting A. Assessing the quality/validity S. Sketching/drawing K. Calculating, analysing (numerical results) R. Realising, carrying out an experiment with objects or instruments G. Giving an answer, a result T. Telling/writing down a (required) piece of knowledge IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  7. Boyle’s Law -1 Aim of this practical We will study the evolution of the pressure of the amount of air in a syringe according to its volume. Experimental device : - Lock an amount of air in the syringe, at room temperature, …. - Connect the other end of the tube to the pressure sensor. - Connect the pressure sensor to the computer … - Press the piston (very slowly) and collect about ten values of volume V and air pressure P. Data processing : - Enter in the spreadsheet the values of V and P for each reading. - Compute 1/V, - Plot the graph P = f(1/V) - Find a straight line of best fit for these values - Deduce from the modelling result that the product PV remains constant throughout this experiment. IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  8. A first analysis of the instructions Teaching objective : Boyle’s Law IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  9. Behaviour of gases at low pressures(Boyle’s Law -2) “Is Boyle’s law satisfactory to predict the behaviour of the air inside the classroom at the usual pressures?” Terms of Boyle’s Law At low pressure, all gases have the same behaviour. We note that, at a given temperature, for a given amount of gas, pressure and volume are linked by the relation PV = constant. • To start with, discuss the following questions with your partner : • What are the four macroscopic quantities relevant to describe a gas ? • When Boyle’s law can be used, what are the fixed macroscopic quantities and those that can change ? • With the following set of apparatus, … suggest an experimental protocol to answer the initial question. • A discussion between all groups will lead to agree on a relevant protocol. • Carry out the protocol chosen by the class. • Write down your experimental results and the answer to the initial question with your arguments to support it. IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  10. Behaviour of gases at low pressures Second part : During the work you have just realized, you have taken care to keep both values of temperature and amount of gas constant. Now the new question is “what happens to the «Boyle’s constant » if temperature or the amount of gas is modified.” Using the gas kinetic model, predict how the product pV will be modified if : - temperature is modified (while keeping n constant) - the amount of gas is modified (while keeping T constant) With the equipment avalaible, imagine an experimental process that would allow you to check your predictions in both cases and describe it on your sheet. If you have time, show your suggestion to the teacher and run your experiment. If you don’t have time the teacher will choose two suggestions among those given by the class and will carry them out during the next session. IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  11. A first analysis of the instructions The main teaching objective : Boyle’s law IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  12. A ‘new’ way for teaching • « La main à la pâte » • Teaching units elaborated in a socio-constructivist model in a context of didactic researches, tested and published • Instructions into the curriculum of French upper secondary school (1999, 2000) and examples • “… Experimental activity in education helps pupils to develop a scientific mind only if it is accompanied by actual questioning and modelling.” • Instructions into the curriculum of French lower secondary school (2006) and examples • “In continuation of the method employed at primary school, lower secondary school curricula favour the inquiry process [...] an approach that promotes the pupil's own build up of his/her knowledge.” IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  13. A labwork labelled “inquiry process” Glaciers melting One of the causes of the rise of ocean levels is the melting of ice. Ices are constituted by: • Sea-ice (e.g. icebergs): ice on the oceans and seas. • Icecaps (e.g. mountain glaciers): ice on the continents • Does the melting of sea-ice have an effect on the rise in the sea level? • Does the melting of icecaps have an effect on the rise in the sea level? • What is an estimate of the rise of the sea level in 2100? IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  14. A labwork labelled “inquiry process” The colour thief ! On a winter night, Policeman Bignose is on duty in a shopping street with a speed camera. The red neon lights of a store are lighting the street. A fast car appears suddenly. Policeman Bignose reaches for his walkie-talkie and says: “Chief, chief, someone speeding! A black car going at 138 km/h!” His colleagues, one kilometre further down the street are ready to stop the reckless driver! In the white light of their headlamps, they see a red, then a green and a white car drive by. At last a black car appears. They stop it. But the driver contests the offence: « My old car cannot go over 110 km/h !! ». You are a scientific expert and you are the friend of the accused. Howcan you help him prove that he is innocent and find who the reckless driver is? IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  15. From a guided to an inquiry process How can a teacher recognize an inquiry process? A model based on tasks (Morge & al.) • The sequence includes a chain of tasks and the teacher delegates to the students the responsibility to carry them out themselves. • Students answer the tasks by elaborating productions • Students are able to take part in controlling the whole process and actually do it. • The control of the findings is carried out by testing validity, relevance. • Students acquire knowledge through carrying out tasks. • Students are in charge of conceptual tasks and not only empirical tasks. Morge L. & Boilevin J-M (to be published) Des séquences d’investigation en physique-chimie au collège et au lycée: Recueil et analyse d’exemples issus de la recherche en didactique des sciences physiques et chimiques IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

  16. From a guided to an inquiry process A necessary training to develop teachers’ expertise… • To analyse teachers’ productions in terms of learning and teaching • To know students’ prior knowledge, • To know the relevance, the importance of inquiry • for student learning, • for student implication/involving in the study, • in relation to science processes, • To know how to lead students within an interactive practice, • To construct (to adapt) their own lessons • To analyse, to assess their own teaching units in terms of students’ learning, students’ behaviour, organization, difficulties …. Adopting any innovation is a long and complex process See for example: Understanding innovation in science teaching http://www.pjb.co.uk/npl/bp33.htm IMPRESSE - Berlin 2007

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