1. Department of Physics Nanophysics Phys4190 Introduction Lecture 1 Dr. Mazen Alshaaer 2013/2014 first semester

2. History: Richard Feynman 29th December 1959 (APS Meeting at Caltech): „There is plenty of room at the bottom“ Fiction : Molecular electronics (F.L.Carter 1982) Reality: Daily-life nanotechnology (e.g. ultrathin films, ultra-precision manufacturing, self-organized and -assembled structures, ...) Breakthrough: Scanning probe techniques Nanotechnology needs Nanoscience !!!

3. Dimensional Considerations 1 nm = 10-9 m = 0.001 µm 1/1000 extension of a malaria bacterium A few nearest-neighbor distances in solids Fe (bcc): d = 0.25 nm 1 nm

4. Role of surface effects increases with decreasing dimensions A / V = 6a2 / a3 = 6 / a = 6 V-1/3 V = a3 (2a)3 = 8 a3 (5a)3 = 125 a3 (10a)3 = 1000 a3 Percentage of „surface atoms“: 100% 100% 78,4% 48,8% Macroscopic: V = (108a)3 = 1024 a3 A = 6 (108a)2 = 6 1016 a2 Percentage of surface atoms: 6 10-8 % !!! (negligible)

5. Application of Basic Physical Theories – Classical vs. Quantum Physics: Classical Mechanics Electrodynamics Thermodynamics Quantum Mechnics Quantum Electrodynamics Quantum Statistics mesoscopic phenomena (quasiclassical regime)

6. Top-down: classical approach of miniaturization (scaling down from the macroscopic world) Bottom-up: „chemical/syntheti-cal approach“ (scaling-up from the atomic entities) Bottom-up and top-down approaches

9. The Nanoscale 1, 2, 3 Dimensions Number of Nano-Dimensions: 1 – Nanofilms 2 – Nanowires 3 - Nanodots One can start by creating Nanofilms on a substrate and proceed to Nanowires and Nanodots by lateral lithography

10. Physics today

11. Physics today

12. Other Nanoobjects Nanocomposites Nanoporous Systems High-velocity deformed nanostrucutred Ni http://www.nanodynamics.com/ndMaterials.asp Nanoporous luminescent Si http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/~buratto_group/PorousSilicon_1.htm

13. Supramolecular Architectures J.-M.Lehn http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1994/pdf/6610x1961.pdf 3-dimensional functional structures according to the molecular geometri- cal and electronic structures C.J.Kuehl http://www.iupac.org/news/prize/2002/Kuehl-essay.pdf

14. Current research - Bone tissue Engineering Natural bone Nano Hydroxyapatite Artificial bone

15. Current research - Nano-Magnetite Nano-magnetite spheres – Cancer treatment?

16. Current research - Nano-porous Materials Artificial stones (geopolymers) for construction and: • Water purification • Passive cooling Porous construction Materials for green technology?

17. Nanotechnology in our Daily Life Iridescent car paint: Based on interference colors (like a butterfly, no bleaching after 5 years Miami)

18. Nanotechnology on our Desktops

19. Transistor