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Designing Samples for Accurate Data Collection

Learn how to choose and gather samples to ensure valid answers and minimize bias in data collection. Explore different sample designs and understand the importance of random sampling.

jenniferconley
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Designing Samples for Accurate Data Collection

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  1. Pg. 268 - 285 Chapter 5: Producing DataSection 5.1: Designing Samples

  2. Chapter Preview Exploratory data analysis describes what data say by using graphs and numerical summaries. What if we want to ask a large group of individuals questions?

  3. Chapter Preview • To get valid answers, we need to produce our data carefully. • Often we use samples to represent a larger population. Section 5.1 deals with the many ways to choose samples.

  4. Chapter Preview • To get valid answers, we need to produce our data carefully. • Once you have chosen a sample, you have a few ways to gather data.

  5. Chapter Preview • An observational studyobserves individuals and variables of interest, but does not try to influence them. • An experimentdeliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to observe their responses.

  6. Chapter Preview • Read Example 5.1 on page 270 of your text.

  7. Confounding • Explanatory variable – attempts to explain the observed outcome (p. 121) • Lurking variable – a variable not among the explanatory variables, but still may influence the interpretation of relationships among those variables. (p. 226) • Response variable - Measures an outcome of a study. (p. 121)

  8. Chapter Preview • Section 5.2 is about designing valid experiments that can be used to determine causation. • Section 5.3 is about using simulation to produce data.

  9. Vocabulary • Population: The entire group of individuals that we want information about. • Sample: The part of the population we actually look at to gather information.

  10. Vocabulary • Census: Attempts to contact every individual in the entire population.

  11. Sample Designs • Voluntary Response Samples • Ex: call-in polls, text your vote, etc. • People choose themselves by responding. • People with strong opinions (especially negative opinions) are more likely to respond. • This leads to bias in your sample.

  12. Sample Designs • Convenience Sampling • Ex: Sitting outside a mall or grocery store • Choosing the individuals that are easiest to reach • Another source of bias: convenience sampling is almost guaranteed not to represent the entire population.

  13. Sample Designs • Bias: The design of a study is biasedif it systematically favors certain outcomes.

  14. Sample Designs • Bias: The design of a study is biasedif it systematically favors certain outcomes. THE SOLUTION! Let chance choose the sample. This is the essential principle of statistical sampling.

  15. Sample Designs • Simplest way: Put the whole population in a hat and draw out a handful of individuals for your sample.

  16. Sample Designs • Practice problems: • #1-4 (p. 273)

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