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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Quick Overview of Reconstruction. Civil War ends in 1865. 13 th Amendment passed- Abolishes Slavery Lincoln Assassinated on April 15 by John Wilkes Booth. Secretary of State also attacked, and Vice president supposed to be attacked, but assassin backed out.

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12

  2. Quick Overview of Reconstruction • Civil War ends in 1865. • 13th Amendment passed- Abolishes Slavery • Lincoln Assassinated on April 15 by John Wilkes Booth. Secretary of State also attacked, and Vice president supposed to be attacked, but assassin backed out. • Lincoln favors lenient reconstruction plan- swear allegiance, and get right to vote. • Johnson excludes wealthy southern landowners from taking the oath, but pardons more than 13,000 whites because “white men alone should run the south.” • Black Codes Restrict African Americans from voting.

  3. Quick Overview of Reconstruction • 1866 congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866 which gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing discriminatory laws.- President Vetoes • Congress then passes 14th Amendment- prevents states from denying rights and privileges to any citizen. • Congress is not happy with President Johnson so they find a way to impeach him, they do but Senate vote not to convict him. • 1868 Grant is elected President.

  4. Quick Overview of Reconstruction • South is put under military Rule by congress • 15 amendment passed in 1870- cannot be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • African Americans started to drastically improve their living. Many moved, found new jobs, and some became elected officials. 16 were elected to congress. • Sharecropping system becomes prominent. • The KKK becomes prominent as an opposition to reconstruction. Killed around 20,000 people. • Eventually support for reconstruction fades and southern democrats regain control of the South. 1876 Hayes Elected. • Plessy vs. Ferguson

  5. Chapter 12 Change and Conflict in the American West

  6. 12.2 Mining and Ranching Opportunities in the West • First Settlers farmers • Then they found GOLD!!! • 1848 John Sutter’s workers finds gold at his sawmill • Doesn’t stay a secret long= California Gold Rush • “Forty-niners” • 1849 about 80,000 people from all over hoping to strike it rich. • 9 of 10 men • 1850-1860- California’s Population went from 93,000 to 380,000. • Few struck it rich • Eventually only large mining companies left- did a lot of damage to the environment.

  7. Ranchers and Cowboys find a home on the range • As buffalo disappear and Native Americans are forced onto reservations, the plains open up to cattle ranching. • Americans learned about cattle from their Mexican Neighbors • Texas Longhorns- cows accustomed to dry grasslands of southern Spain, brought over by Spanish settlers. • Everything about the cowboy was heavily influenced by Mexican Vaqueros. • Railroads helped drive the cattle industry.

  8. Ranchers and Cowboys find a home on the range • After Civil War demand for beef skyrockets • Chisholm Trail- Route from San Antonio Texas to Abilene, Kansas. • Other routes had problems • 35,000 head of cattle the 1st year • 75,000 the next year.

  9. A day in the life of a Cowboy • 55,000 cowboys on the plains from 1866-1885. • 25% African American • 12% Mexican • 14 + hour days • Most cowboys broke down by 40 • Season began at Spring round-up and ended after the long drive. ( about 3 months) • Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show • Feed into idea/ myth of the west * What was/is the myth of the Wild West? And how did that compare to reality?

  10. End of the Open Range • By end of the 1880s cattle frontier had met it’s end • Why? • Overgrazing • Bad weather • THE INVENTION OF BARBED WIRE • Joseph F. Glidden.

  11. 12.3 Railroads open west to rapid settlement • Before 1850s, railroads just short lines. • Wanted Transcontinental Railroad • Plans had been stalled b/c of divide between north and south. • Civil war allowed for approval of Northern route. • Union Pacific works its way west, Central Pacific works its way East. • Had a hard time completing it. ($, attacks from N. Americans, etc.) • Ex Civil War soldiers, former slaves, Irish and Chinese Immigrants made up a large part of the workforce. • Rough Conditions killed many • May 10, 1869 the Transcontinental Railroad is completed • Railroads made many rich, made towns spring up, and had problems of price hiking.

  12. The Culture of the plains Indians • The Great Plains- grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. • Horses- • Almost all tribes have them by 1700s. • Lead to increased mobility and more efficient hunting • Also lead to more wars from one tribe trespassing on another's’ hunting grounds. • Bison (Buffalo) • Provided most of the Native Americans’ needs. • Food, clothing, shelter.

  13. Family Life • Lived in small extended family groups. • Men hunted/ were warriors • Women helped butcher game and prepared hides • All believed that powerful spirits controlled events in the natural world. • People sensitive to spirits became medicine persons or shamans. • Tribes were ruled by counsel and land was held in common for use by whole tribe. • Main difference between the two cultures • Ownership of land * How did the two cultures clash?

  14. Settlers Push Westward • Who went West? • Many different fortune seekers including Irish, German, Polish, Chinese, and African Americans • Some women went as well.

  15. Government Restricts Native Americans • 1834 Government Passes Act that designated the entire great plains as Native American Reservation • 1850s govt. changes plans, and has more restrictive areas • Native Americans continue to hunt on their traditional lands • Massacre at Sand Creek • Cheyenne thinking they were protected by the Govt. peacefully return to Sand Creek Reserve in Colorado for the winter. • General wanted “no peace till the Indians suffer more.” • Kills over 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho, mostly women and children. November 1864.

  16. Death on the Bozeman Trail • Bozeman Trail runs through Sioux hunting grounds. • Chief appeals to Govt. to stop white settlement on the trail • Crazy Horse • Ambushes US troops and kills over 80 soldiers in Dec. 1866. • Treaty of Fort Laramie • Sioux live on reservation along the Missouri River • Is forced on the Sioux leaders in 1868 • They expected to continue to use their traditional hunting grounds. • Is a temporary halt in the warfare

  17. Crazy HorseMonument

  18. Bloody Battles Continue • Red River War • Kiowa and Comanche engaged in 6 years of raiding • 1874-1875 U.S. army responds • Heard friendly tribes to reservations and open fire on all others • Custer’s Last Stand • June 1876 Sitting Bull has a vision • Lead by Crazy Horse, Gall and Sitting Bull, the warriors outflanked and crushed Custer’s troops. • W/in one hour Custer and whole 7th Calvary dead • By 1876 Sioux were beaten • 1885 Sitting Bull featured in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

  19. General George A. Custer

  20. Sitting Bull

  21. The Government Supports Assimilation • Dawes Act • 1887 Congress passes to “Americanize” the Native Americans • Broke up reservations and gave land to individual Native Americans • 160 acres to each head of household • 80 acres to each unmarried adult • Govt. supposed to give money from rest of the land to Native Americans- Never follow through • Destruction of the Buffalo • 1800- 65 million buffalo • 1890- Less than 1,000

  22. The Massacre of Wounded Knee • December 1890 the 7th Calvary rounds up 350 Sioux and took them camp • Want Native Americans to give up their weapons • Shot was fired (don’t know who did it) • Soldiers use cannon • Within minutes 300 unarmed Native Americans are slaughtered • This event brought the Indian wars to an end. * How would you react if you were a Native American in the late 1800s?

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