Reconstruction (1865-1876)

1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

2. Journal Entry #1 Name at least three problems you think the North and South will have after the Civil War.

3. Journal Entry #2Notes Only write the notes from the sections that are underlined. All other slides do not need to be copied.

4. Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the South after the Civil War. • freedmen - Men and women who had been slaves. • Reconstruction - rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

5. The Defeated South Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War? A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

6. Amazing War Losseswww.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm

7. Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

8. Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

9. Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

10. Above: Charleston, South Carolina Right: Atlanta, Georgia

11. Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

12. This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

13. · Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.

14. Journal Entry # 3Notes 5/20/10

15. · Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education. Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio Atlanta, GA

16. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

17. Wartime Reconstruction

18. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

19. Journal Entry #45/21/10 Quickly summarize what Lincoln’s plan for the South was.

20. President Lincoln’s Plan • 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR • “loyal assemblies” • They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

21. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

22. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Iron-Clad” Oath. • “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] • “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

23. Jeff Davis Under Arrest

24. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

25. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

26. Freedmen’s Bureau · The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care, and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites. A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)

27. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

28. Freedmen’s Bureau School

29. Presidential Reconstruction

30. Objective: To analyze the importance of the presidency of Andrew Johnson. President Andrew Johnson

31. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • White Supremacist. • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

32. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

33. “Andrew Johnson Mends the Union”

34. Journal Entry # 5May 24, 2010 Many freedmen are going to get rights they didn’t have before. How do you think the South is going to try to control the freedmen in their area? What will they do?

35. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

36. Slavery is Dead?

37. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

38. Black Codes - laws that severely limited the rights of freedmen. …serving on juries. …voting. African-Americans were forbidden from… …running for political office. …owning guns.

39. "Black Codes" of Mississippi – 1865 Section 3. …it shall not be lawful for any freedman, free negro or mulatto to intermarry with any white person; nor for any person to intermarry with any freedman, free negro or mulatto; and any person who shall so intermarry shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall be confined in the State penitentiary for life; Section 5. Every freedman, free negro and mulatto shall…have a lawful home or employment, and shall have written evidence thereof…if living in any incorporated city, town, or village, a license from that mayor thereof; and if living outside of an incorporated city, town, or village, from the member of the board of police of his beat, …which license may be revoked for cause at any time by the authority granting the same. Section 6.All contracts for labor made with freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes for a longer period than one month shall be in writing…and if the laborer shall quit the service of the employer before the expiration of his term of service, without good cause, he shall forfeit his wages for that year up to the time of quitting.

40. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

41. Johnson the Martyr / Samson If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union. (February 1866)

42. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

43. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. • Insure against neo-Confederate political power. • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

44. 1868 1864 “Tis But a Change of Banners”

45. The Balance of Power in Congress

46. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” The 1866 Bi-Election • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

47. Radical Plan for Readmission • Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. • Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. • In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

48. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Military Reconstruction Act • Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

49. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Command of the Army Act • The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. • Tenure of Office Act • The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

50. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!