SBI3C

1. AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) virus that causes RNA core (retrovirus) can only infect helper T cells ( ) cannot survive outside the body because the around its capsid dries out (membrane picked up as it buds off white blood cell) can only be transmitted from 1 bodily fluid to another ex. : needles, transfusions, toothbrushes SBI3C SBI3C

2. Semen 11,000 Blood 18,000 Vaginal Fluid 7,000 Amniotic Fluid 4,000 Saliva 1 Transmission of AIDS (Worldwide)‏

3. Life Cycle of HIV Lysogenic Cycle HIV+ Lytic Cycle AIDS

4. HIV positive: • virus is in its • patient is not sick, but is a of the virus • Can AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) • patient has of the disease (begins when HIV enters the ) • are being destroyed Early symptoms:

5. AIDS Associated Disease Late Symptoms • : Cause most of illness and death of late AIDS • Symptoms: • Respiratory: 70% of AIDS patients develop serious respiratory problems SBI3C

6. More AIDS Associated Diseases • Skin Disorders: • Eye Infections: 50-75% patients develop eye conditions. • Dry eye syndrome SBI3C

7. The ultimate fate of a patient with AIDS ex. pneumonia cancer

8. Transmission of AIDS (Worldwide)‏ SBI3C

9. “When you have sex with someone, you are having sex with everyone they have ever had sex with.” Former US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop SBI3C

10. Drug Therapy • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: • . Example: AZT, ddI, ddC • Protease Inhibitors: • Problem with individual drug treatments: • Drug Cocktails: A combination of: • ‘ • Drug cocktails have been very effective in suppressing HIV replication and prolonging the life of HIV infected individuals, but SBI3C

11. Viral Uses In Medicine 1. Oncolytic viruses used in targeted cancer treatment • Choose a that can infect human cells is chosen ex. Vaccinia(cowpox) • Allow this virus to attack human • After reproducing, viruses released kill host cancer cell • New viruses infect neighbouring tumour cells • Also stimulate immune system, bringing WBC’s in to help kill cancer cells Note: cancer 11 SBI3C

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13. Adults Ages 15-49 with HIV 15.01% - 34.0% 5.01% - 15.0% 1.01% - 5.0% 0.51% - 1.0% 0.0% - 0.5% Not available Source: UNAIDS, 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006 HIV Prevalence Worldwide SBI3C

14. BACTERIA

15. Recall that bacteria can be classified into either • All bacteria • Are unicellular • Are prokaryotes (no organized nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, or chloroplasts) • Are made of cells that have a single chromosome in the form of a DNA loop or a small circular piece of DNA ( ) • Are made of cells that reproduce • Are made of cells that thrive only in

16. Archaebacteria • Derived from one of the oldest groups of living organisms, perhaps the first on Earth Three major groups • Thermophiles- • - grow using carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas to make methane; exist in volcanic deep-sea vents and the intestines of mammals • Halophiles-

17. Eubacteria • Ex. E. coli • Billions of these organisms live in the human intestine, helping with food digestion and the production of vitamin K and B complex vitamins • also contain billions of these bacteria • High counts of such bacteria ( ) in water indicate fecal contamination and danger to human health

18. Identifying bacteria

19. Cell Wall Composition • Eubacteria contain a polymer called • Differences in the amount of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls can be used for • The more peptidoglycan present, the more a smear of cells will appear after a is performed ( ) • The less peptidoglycan present, the the smear of cells will be ( ) Ex. E. coli

20. Shape Most bacteria display one of three basic shapes:

21. Configuration After division, many bacteria stay together in groups or clusters rather than individual cells. • When large numbers of cells have grown and are visible, a is formed