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Understanding Blood Composition and Function: The Role of Plasma, Tissue Fluid, and Lymph

This guide explores the composition of blood, focusing on plasma, tissue fluid, and lymph. Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma, a pale yellow liquid primarily made of water with dissolved solutes, including glucose and waste products. The dynamics of tissue fluid are also covered, highlighting its role in maintaining the internal environment of body cells. Additionally, the guide discusses lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, emphasizing their importance in the immune response and fluid balance. Essential for students studying biology, especially in understanding the circulatory system.

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Understanding Blood Composition and Function: The Role of Plasma, Tissue Fluid, and Lymph

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  1. Do Now 3/11 • WOD: OBTRUDE (aub TROOD) v. • to impose oneself or one’s ideas on others; to stick out • Ross’s OBTRUSIVE parents forced him to attend the same college as they had. • Tanya hoped her parents wouldn’t OBTRUDE upon her wedding plans. • Tina’s OBTRUSIVE personality made it hard for her to make friends. STUDY ISLAND QUESTIONS DUE TONIGHT!!!!

  2. Chapter 8.2: Blood composition INB PG 43

  3. Plasma • Blood is composed of cells floating in a pale yellow liquid called plasma • Blood plasma is mostly water, with solutes dissolved in it • Ex: glucose and waste products (like urea) • Also include plasma proteins that remain in the blood at all times

  4. Tissue fluid • As blood flows through capillaries, some plasma leaks through gaps between cells in the walls of capillaries and seeps into body tissues • This fluid, known as tissue fluid, fills the spaces between your cells (1/6 of your body) • Aka interstitial fluid

  5. Tissue fluid • Almost identical in composition to plasma, however it contains less proteins (too large to fit between gaps in capillary walls) • Does not contain RBCs (way too large) • Contains some WBCs

  6. Tissue fluid • Flows from capillaries to tissues by two methods: 1.) Pressure from arterial end of capillary beds 2.) Osmosis from high ψ to low ψ Overall result is fluid tends to flow out of capillaries at the arterial end and in to capillaries at the venous end (Net flow = out)

  7. Tissue fluid • Immediate environment of each individual body cell • Responsible for exchange of material between cells and blood • Composition maintained by homeostasis • Maintenance of constant internal environment (pH, temp, glucose concentration, water)

  8. Lymph • ~90% of fluid that leaks from capillaries eventually seeps back in • Remaining 10% is collected and returned via series of tubes called lymph vessels, or lymphatics

  9. Lymph vessels • Blind-ending: has a sealed end • Valves lining vessels allow fluid to flow in, but not out, of lymph vessels • Large opening allows proteins to enter vessels to be carried away from tissues

  10. Lymph • If protein concentration and rate of loss from plasma are not in balance with the rate of loss from tissue fluid, there can be a build-up of tissue fluid, called edema (oedema)

  11. Lymph • Fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph • Virtually identical to tissue fluid in same areas • Different tissues have different compositions of tissue fluid and lymph (Ex: Liver = high protein conc., intestine = high lipids)

  12. Lymph vessels • Small lymphatics eventually join together and gradually transport lymph back to large veins just beneath the collarbone, the subclavian veins • Movement of lymph is aided by smooth muscle contractions (hence very slow movement)

  13. Lymph nodes • At intervals along lymph vessels are lymph nodes which are involved in immune response • Bacteria and other harmful particles are removed from lymph by WBCs as lymph passes through nodes • Some WBCs in nodes secrete antibodies

  14. WOD 3/17 • OPAQUE (oh PAYK) adj. • Impervious to light; dull; hard to understand; unclear • Jean put an OPAQUE blue glaze on her ceramic teapot. • The photographer’s use of OPAQUE lighting enhanced the family portrait. • The ballerina’s tights were an OPAQUE pink, revealing none of her skin.

  15. blood • Just under 5L of blood in avg. human • Suspended in plasma you have ~2.5 x 10 13 red blood cells (RBCs) and 5 x 10 11 white blood cells

  16. Red blood cells • RBCs are called erythrocytes • Red color is caused by hemoglobin: globular protein that carries oxygen from lungs to tissues • In utero: produced by liver. By birth: produced by bone marrow (primary in long bones) • Only live 90-120 days, so you have a new supply of blood every 3-4 months

  17. Red blood cells • Shaped like a biconcave disc: increases surface area (can carry more oxygen) • Very small: ~7µm. Means oxygen exchange can happen more quickly • Very flexible: blood cells can squeeze and bend through capillaries • No nucleus, mitochondria or ER: more room for hemoglobin (to carry oxygen)

  18. White blood cells • Aka leukocytes • Made in bone marrow • All have nuclei • Many different types, although all involved with fighting disease

  19. phagocytes • Cells that destroy invading microorganisms by phagocytosis • Can be recognized by lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm

  20. lymphocytes • Also destroy microorganisms, but NOT by phagocytosis • Some secrete antibodies, which attach to and destroy invading cells • Smaller than phagocytes, large round nucleus, small amount of cytoplasm

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