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Environmental Protest and Policy Change in Korea. Sunhyuk Kim Dept of Public Administration, Korea Univ Seongeun Cho Institute of Governmental Studies, Korea Univ. Contents. Ⅰ. Introduction. Ⅱ. Theoretical Overview & Methodology . Ⅲ.
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Environmental Protest and Policy Change in Korea Sunhyuk Kim Dept of Public Administration, Korea Univ Seongeun Cho Institute of Governmental Studies, Korea Univ
Contents Ⅰ Introduction Ⅱ Theoretical Overview & Methodology Ⅲ Analysis: Environmental Protest and Policy Change Ⅳ C Conclusion
Rapid Economic Development ▪ Policy of “growth-first, environmental degradation later” ▪ Absence of attention to the environment Democratic Transition (1987) 1960s-80s Democratic Transition ▪ Relative attention to environmental issues. 1987 Environmental Governance (1990-) Environmental Governance ▪ Growth of environmental movement →Rethinking of the developmental paradigm →Considerable impact on policy, such as cancelling planned construction Since 1990 Introduction ▣ Historical trajectory toward a environmental governance in South Korea
Introduction Research questions • What effects did environmental protest have • on the environmental policy? • Which aspects of environmental protest • led to environmental policy change? To explain the relationship between environmental protests and policy changes Aim of this research
Previous works This research Theoretical Overview & Methodology ▪have focused on institutional variables and policy entrepreneurs. ▪ however political and policy changes in Korea have been initiated and propelled by civic mobilization. ▪focuses on general public and civic groups. 1. Policy Change: A Theoretical Overview 1) Determinants of policy change
Previous works This research Theoretical Overview & Methodology ▪have been interested in the relationship between social protest and policy change ▪ however they have not yet reached a consensus on the specific contents of which variables affect policy change ▪focuses on different aspects of protest-scope, strategies and methods, the contents and number of demands/ grievances, and analyze their effects on policy change. 1. Policy Change: A Theoretical Overview 2) Social protest as a determinant of policy change
Theoretical Overview & Methodology ▪ PEDAK is a database based on protest events that took place and were reported in newspapers between 1988 and 2007 in Korea. ▪ PEDAK collects the following data by analyzing and coding newspaper reports on post-transitional popular protests. -Number of protests per year -General measures of protest activities -Sociovocational category of protest participants -Repertoires of contention -Types and contents of protest goals, demands, grievances -Reactions to protest actions 2. The Dataset and Methodology 1) Dataset: PEDAK(Protest Event Data Archive Korea)
Theoretical Overview & Methodology 2. The Dataset and Methodology 2) Variables & Measurement
Analysis: Simple Correlational Coefficients *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01
Analysis: Simple Correlational Coefficients • ▣ DISCUSSION • Illegality of protest • : Negatively correlated with policy change • Contents of demand • : Political or economic demands to ecological demands • seem to be counterproductive in bringing policy change. • Protest Scope: Positively correlated with policy change. • Violent protest: Negatively correlated with policy change.
Analysis: Multiple Regression • ▣ DISCUSSION • R2 of model is 26.4%, Significance level is 0.1. • Statistically significant variables: • -Legality/illegality of the protest strategies • :Illegal protest strategies are less likely to lead to policy change. • -Economic/ecological demands/grievances • : Ecological demands combined with economic demands • seems to decrease the likelihood of policy change. • -The number of demands/grievances • : As the number of protest demands increase, likelihood of • policy change increases.
Strategy Demand/ Grievances Participants Conclusion & Implication Environmental policy change
Conclusion & Implication ▣ Conclusion Environmental policy change is significantly affected by protest strategies, demands/grievances, and not by protest scope. ▣ Implication It is not the objective/absolute size of resource mobilization but the subjective/relative usage of strategies and framing of demands/grievances that are far more closely correlated with policy change.
