Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts Abacus ultimateancestorsoftoday’scomputers becamethearithmetictoolofearlymerchants theonlyrelationthatcanbeclaimedbetween abacusandcomputersisthattheyareboth usedtoaidinhandlingnumerical/logical computations Ø Ø Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts CharlesBabbage Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø calledthe“FatherofComputing” inventedtheAnalyticalandDifferenceEngines bornonDecember26,1791inTeignmouth, DevonshireintheUK hadaninterestinvariousfields,fromstatistics tophilosophyandreligiontomachines,having accreditedtohimnumerouspublicationsin thesefields hisconceptualizationofhisenginesbeganwith ananalysisofthecalculationsoftablesof Greenwichstarpositions

BasicComputerConcepts DifferenceEngine conceivedtoperformquicktabular calculations,theworkingsofwhichwerebased ontheMethodofDifferences,analgorithm thatlentitselftotheeasycreationofawide rangeofmathematicaltables waspoweredbysteam embodiedthebasicconceptsandelementsof amoderngeneral-purposecomputer Ø Ø Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts AnalyticalEngine utilizedI/OmediacalledJacquard’spunched cards,originallyusedtolaydownthread arrangementsinweaving usedthepunchcardsforstoringoperating instructions(programs),andwouldhavebeen abletostorearound1,000numbersofupto50 decimalplaces alsoallowedoutputdevicesfordisplaying results Ø Ø Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The First Generation computersthatwerebasedontheuseofwired circuitscontainingvacuumtubes,andwhich utilizedpunchcardsasthemainstoragemedium anddesignedforaspecifictask usedbinarycodesof“machinelanguage” Ø Ø ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer (ENIAC),ahulkofmachineryconsistof18,000 vacuumtubes,70,000resistors,and5million solderedjoints,andoccupiedaspaceequalto asmallwarehouse ElectronicDiscreteVariableAutomatic Computer(EDVAC),apioneerinimplementing vonNeumann’sarchitecture,thekeytowhich wastheCentralProcessingUnit(CPU),which allowedallcomputerfunctionstobe coordinatedthroughasinglesource v v Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Second Generation developmentofthe“transistor” Ø smallersizeandincreasedreliability resultedtosmallerandsmallercomputers, whichwerefasterandmoreenergy- efficientthantheirpredecessors v v usedamorespecializedlanguagewitheasier abbreviatedprogrammingcodescalled “assemblylanguage” Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Third Generation “integration”,aprocessinwhichnumerous electroniccomponentsarebroughttogetherto composeasystemunit(anintegratedcircuit) thatcombinestheminadynamic,coordinated manner thefirstintegratedcircuit(IC)wasinvented independentlybyJackKilbyandRobertNoyce Ø Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Fourth Generation developmentofuser-friendlysoftware packagesthatofferednon-technicalusers manyoftheadvantagesofcomputer applications characterizedbytheapplicationofadvanced engineeringtechniquesthatallowforvery- large-scale-integration(VLSI),andultra-large- scale-integration(ULSI),whichallowforthe placementofmillionsofelectronic componentsinasinglechip Ø Ø Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts GenerationofComputers The Fifth Generation computersthatcanunderstandhumanspeech, canrecognizepatternslikefacesandother compleximages Ø artificialintelligence expertsystems naturallanguageprocessing v v v Introduction

BasicComputerConcepts ComputerApplications Business–theyusecomputerstostore information,easyinterfacewith customers,andfacilitateprocessing andpresentationofdata MathematicsandScience–Watsonand Crick’sdiscoveryofthestructureofthe DNA Engineering–degreesof miniaturizationandintegrationhave multipliesn-fold Medicine–morereliableartificial heartsarebeingofferedtothosewith heartproblems Education–easeofuseinthecreation ofpresentationmaterialsand documents Entertainment–interactivegamesand virtualsimulations,computer- generatedeffects Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

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Introduction to introduction to introduction to … Optimization

INTRODUCTION/ INTRODUCTION

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Introduction