Download
1 / 22
220 likes | 223 Vues
This booklet contains important content and case studies for the Physical Geography GCSE Paper 1 exam. It covers topics such as natural hazards, the living world, and physical landscapes in the UK.
E N D
Name:________________________ Teacher______________________ Physical GeographyGCSERevision Booklet Paper 1 includes the following topics: Section A: The challenge of natural hazardsSection B: The living worldSection C: Physical landscapes in the UK Paper 1 Case Studies Exam 21st May 2019 This booklet contains the important content and case studies that you will need to learn “off by heart”.
Case Study 2: Nepal (LIC Earthquake) You must revise so that you can compare the effects (primary and secondary) and the responses (immediate and long-term) between the Hic and LIC case studies AND explain why there were differences
Case Study 4: Prolonged heavy rain/Flooding in Cumbria Dec, 2015
Case Study - Tropical Rainforest - Amazon Rainforest Brazil Location - Northern part of South America. The rainforest covers much of the north and north-east of Brazil. Note that most deforestation is happening south of The Amazon River, this is due to the location of the major cities such as Sao Paulo, Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro. As a result, the areas south of The Amazon are the areas that allow easiest access to the rainforest for people. Why do we need to protect the rainforest? Goods Services • NATIVE food crops (fruit / nuts) • Meat & fish • Building materials (timber) • Energy from HEP • Water • Medicines • Air purification • Water & nutrient recycling • Protection against soil erosion • Biodiversity • Employment opportunities Deforestation still happening, but in Brazil the rate it is happening is slowing down.
Impacts / Effects of Deforestation in The Brazilian Amazon Impacts of deforestation can be categorized into Global and Local Impacts
Sustainable Management of The Brazilian Rainforest Sustainable Development - Development which meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Sustainable management at an international level 1 Inter-government agreements Tropical Timber Agreement (2006) Trade in hard woods is restricted. Can only trade in timber which has been felled in a sustainable way. This timber will be certified and stamped with a registration number. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973) Blocks illegal trade in rare and endangered species 2 Debt Reduction by HICs Many countries with tropical rainforests are NEEs or LICs and often have large debts – This encourages them to trade in goods from the rainforest. Some HICs write off debts Some agreements “debt-for-nature”. E.G. 2010 USA converted a Brazilian debt of £13.5m into a fund to protect large area of rainforest 3 Conservation and education by NGOs (non-governmental organisations) EgWWF, Birdlife International Rely on volunteers & donations Promote conservation through education in schools and colleges Promote training for conservation workers Buy up threatened areas andpromote sustainable programmes Sustainable management at a Local Level 1) Selective Logging - only fell trees when they are fully grown, allows younger trees to mature and protect the ground from erosion. 2) Stop Illegal Logging – Satellites and drones used, although very difficult due to size of rainforest of Brazil. 3) Agroforestry – Combining crops and trees in carefully controlled cleared areas. 4) Replanting - Seeds from remaining areas Grow into saplings in nurseries. Replant in cleared areas. 5) Ecotourism – Scenery, wildlife and remoteness attract tourists. Visitors are educated. Employs local people and uses local produce, profits stay in the local community.
Case Study of a Desert Biome Development Opportunities in The western Desert
Section C – Physical Landscapes in The UK Please note that Section C incorporates questions 3 and 5 Question 3 – Coasts Question 5 – Glaciation Question 4 is on Rivers – DO NOT DO THIS QUESTION
Case Study: Lake District An example of an upland area in the UK affected by glaciation to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition. Location: Lake District, Cumbria, North West England Hellvellyn is an example of a Pyramidal Peak. It also has an arête next to it (in photo) called Striding Edge. Red Tarn in the tarn lake you can see in the corrie. Coniston Water and Windermere are examples of ribbon lakes Drumlins can be found in Swindale The Bowder Stone is an example of an erratic deposited by a glacier. Glacial Landforms on an OS Map
Topic: Glacial Landscapes of the UK Case Study : Economic Activities in the Lake District Tourism • 15.8 million visitors per year • Tourism generate £900 million • People visit to see the beautiful scenery and partake in activities such as walking / hiking, sailing and rock climbing • Positives • Public have access to beautiful scenery of UK • Tourism provides employment and income for local people and businesses. • Approximately 50% of the workforce in both the Windermere and Keswick areas is employed in hotels, catering and tourism related trades compared to about 6% nationally). • Services provided for the use of tourists, eg leisure facilities, bus services etc also benefit local people. • Congestion (Social, economic and environmental) • Over 89% of visitors come by car, often for the day. Many roads are narrow and winding. • Buses and large delivery vehicles have to use these to service both locals and tourists. Towns like Bowness were not built originally for the huge volumes of traffic that arrive daily in the summer, especially at weekends. • Potential Solutions / Strategies • Often duel carriageways are built on the edges of the Lake District to help move traffic in and out as efficiently as possible(bypasses) • Park-and-ride schemes encourage people to leave their cars at the edge of the National Park and go by bus. Costs are lower than town car parks. • Public transport has been improved and subsidised, for example the 'Langdale Rambler' bus service. Visitors are encouraged to use the buses instead of bringing their cars into the national park. Watersports / Boats on lakes (environmental) Fuels spills on the lakes for example on Lake Windermere The wash from fast boats is causing erosion on the banks of the lakes Potential Solutions / Strategies Speed limits for boats can limit the amount of wash caused, but prevent erosion speeds would have to be very low, which clashes with the main pleasure of the sport – going fast! The speed limit on Windermere is 18kph. Limiting the nosiest and most damaging sports to certain parts of the lake can restrict the amount of damage done. • Footpath erosion(environmental) • Many people go to the Lake District to take in the beautiful scenery and walk in the hills. Across the Lake District, 4 million walk at least 6km every year. • Potential Solutions / Strategies • In February 2004 £914,841 had been spent on The Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project (UPLRP) was a 10 year project involves digging stone into the ground to form good solid footfalls. • Housing issues (social) • Due to the high numbers of holiday homes, property prices are very high. Local people cannot afford to live there • Potential Solutions / Strategies • The ideal solution would be to build more homes. This though may ruin the environment, and would be very difficult to get planning permission. Not much has been done to solve this issue
Topic: Glacial Landscapes of the UK Case Study : Economic Activities in the Lake District Economic Activities in the Lake District – Other than tourism, other economic activities take place in The Lake District. These include Farming, Quarrying and Forestry. These activities bring many benefits, but can also cause conflict between different groups. Quarrying Creates jobs for local people. Rocks are quarried in upland areas. The rocks are used for building roads and homes in cities. The rocks in upland areas tend to be harder, more resistant, such as slate, which make them good material for building. Also a lack of population means that the explosives used to shatter the rock in the quarry do not upset nearby residents. Commercial Forestry The slopes of the Lakes District are managed by the Forestry Commission. Trees are grown on the steep hill sides and the timber sold. Forestry Commission was set up so that the UK would never run out of wood. The wood is used for furniture, building houses and for biofuel. Extensive Agriculture Sheep are good climbers, low centre of gravity. Thick wool coats for warmth Will eat even the coarsest grass Conflict Matrix Use the matrix opposite to decide whether there would be conflict between the two groups. One has been done for you – there would be conflict between photographers and groups wanting to put up wind turbines.
Case Study : Yorkshire Coast PLC Check – Know a named case study and explain how different processes and factors have influenced the coast • Filey • Flamborough Head Headlands and bays formed here due to the harder chalk being eroded less fast than the softer clay • Bridlington Wave cut platform has formed here as the harder chalk rock is eroded at the base, the cliff above collapses • Hornsea • Hull • Withernsea Headland erosion /caves / stacks / stumps. The chalk headlands are ideal for hydraulic action to exploit to cracks and form caves. These are further eroded into arches stacks stumps. Spit, Spurn Point. Formed here due to longshore drift causing movement of material down the coast. The change in shape at The Humber Estuary causes deposition of material. Cliff erosion – Cliffs are made of boulder clay (moraine deposited by glaciers) It is weakly bound together and therefore erodes easily
Case Study: Mappleton on the Holderness Coast PLC Check – Evaluate the management of a named coastline Mappleton
