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第六章 ( 三 ) 植物体内的细胞信号转导

第六章 ( 三 ) 植物体内的细胞信号转导. 生长 (growth) : 是植物体积的增大,通过细胞分裂和伸长来实现 。 发育 (development) : 是指在整个生活史上,植物体的构造和机能从简单到复杂的变化过程,表现为细胞、组织和器官的分化 。. 生长和发育是基因在一定时间、空间上顺序表达的过程 , 而基因的表达同时受到内外环境的调控 。 植物细胞信号转导 (signal transduction) : 是植物感受、传导环境分子的刺激及其在发育过程中调控基因的表达和生理生化反应,包括信号、受体、信号转导网络和反应等环节。.

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第六章 ( 三 ) 植物体内的细胞信号转导

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  1. 第六章(三) 植物体内的细胞信号转导

  2. 生长(growth): • 是植物体积的增大,通过细胞分裂和伸长来实现。 • 发育(development): • 是指在整个生活史上,植物体的构造和机能从简单到复杂的变化过程,表现为细胞、组织和器官的分化。

  3. 生长和发育是基因在一定时间、空间上顺序表达的过程,而基因的表达同时受到内外环境的调控。生长和发育是基因在一定时间、空间上顺序表达的过程,而基因的表达同时受到内外环境的调控。 • 植物细胞信号转导(signal transduction): 是植物感受、传导环境分子的刺激及其在发育过程中调控基因的表达和生理生化反应,包括信号、受体、信号转导网络和反应等环节。

  4. 细胞外 细胞质 细胞膜 cAMP PKA 酶 蛋 白 磷 酸 化 修 饰 细 胞 反 应 PKCa2+ 胞 间 信 号 环 境 刺 激 效应器 G蛋白 受体 Ca2+ 调节蛋白 Ca2+ PKCa2+ ·CaM IP3 CaM PKC 酪氨酸蛋白激 酶 DAG 初级信使 膜上信号转换系统 第二信使 胞间信号传递 膜上信号转换 胞内信号转导 蛋白质可逆磷酸化

  5. 第一节 环境刺激和胞外信号 一、信号 信号(signal): 是信息的物质体现形式和物理过程,刺激就是信号。 外界信号:机械刺激、温度、光照、水分、重力、病虫害等; 体内信号: 代谢物、激素、糖、多肽、细胞膨压、离子等。 包括胞间信号和胞内信号

  6. 二、胞间信号(胞外信号) 胞间信号,包括物理信号和化学信号 1物理信号(physical signal): 植物感受外界物理刺激信号产生电波即电信号,通过维管束、共质体和质外体快速传递。这是长距离传递信息的一种重要方式。

  7. 二、胞间信号 2 化学信号(chemical signal): 细胞感受刺激后合成并传递到作用部位引起生理反应的化学 物质,主要是植物激素。如植物缺水时,根系细胞迅速合成ABA,再通过木质部蒸腾运输到地上部分,诱导一系列生理反应。

  8. 光形态建成中信号传导效应的复杂性

  9. 三、胞间信号的传递 • 刺激位点与效应位点在不同部位时,胞间信号要长距离传递。 1 易挥发性化学信号在体内气相传递: 通过在气腔网络中的扩散而迅速传递,如茉莉酸甲酯 2 化学信号的韧皮部传递: 化学信号长距离传递的主要途径,如水杨酸、寡聚半乳糖等 3 化学信号的木质部传递: 如土壤干旱时,ABA的传递 4 电信号的传递:维管束,质外体和共质体 5 水力学信号的传递: 是通过植物体内木质部水连续体系中的压力变化来传递的。

  10. 植物细胞中有两条主要信号传导途径

  11. 植物体内有遗传和渐成的两个信号系统

  12. 郁金香

  13. 第二节 受体和跨膜信号转换 一、细胞受体 1 受体(receptor): 是在效应器官细胞表面或亚细胞组分中可特异地识别并结合化学信号分子—配体(ligand)的物质,大都为蛋白质。 • 具有特异性、高亲和力、可逆性等特点。

  14. 接受信号主要通过蛋白受体或改变膜电位

  15. 受体位置

  16. An example of intracellular receptor • The receptor for glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol) differs from the others in that it is located in the cytosol, anchored in an inactive state to a cytosolic protein. Binding of the hormone causes the release of the receptor from its cytosolic anchor, and the receptor–hormone complex then migrates into the nucleus, where it binds to the enhancer and stimulates transcription(Figure)

  17. Glucocorticoid steroid receptors • Glucocorticoid steroid receptors are transcription factors. • Glucocorticoid hormone is lipophilic and diffuses readily through the membrane to the cytosol. • Once in the cytosol, the hormone binds to its cytosolic receptor, • causing the release of an inhibitory protein from the receptor. • The activated receptor then diffuses into the nucleus. • In the nucleus, the receptor–hormone complex binds to the enhancer regions of steroid-regulated genes. • Transcription of the genes is stimulated. (From Becker et al. 1996.)

  18. 2 受体种类: • 细胞内受体,是指存在于亚细胞组分中的受体; • 细胞表面受体(cell surface receptor),可分三类: ① 离子通道偶联受体(ion-channel-linked receptor) ② G蛋白偶联受体 ③ 酶偶联受体 ① 既有信号结合位点,又是离子通道,跨膜信号转导无需中间步骤,又称配体门控离子通道,分布有组织特异性。

  19. 动物细胞中三种受体

  20. IP3的受体

  21. 另两种受体(细菌,乙烯受体):双分子系统和杂合酶系统另两种受体(细菌,乙烯受体):双分子系统和杂合酶系统

  22. 光反应红光受体 光敏色素组成一个蛋白质家族,各有不同生理功能(we will discuss it in Chapter 9)

  23. 二、跨膜信号转换 • 以G蛋白偶联受体发生的跨膜信号转换为例 • G蛋白(介导蓝光和红光多种信号): 异三聚体GTP结合蛋白(heterotrimeric GTP binding protein),由α (39-46KD)、β(36KD)、γ(7-8KD)三种亚基组成;在细胞内侧,通过βγ二聚体与膜结合在一起, α有GTP酶活性,有GTP结合位点,是作为G蛋白分类的依据。 它在跨膜信号转换过程中起着 分子开关的作用。

  24. 异三聚体GTP结合蛋白 • The G proteins that transduce the signals from the seven-spanning receptors are called heterotrimeric G proteins because they are composed of three different subunits:α, β, and γ. • Heterotrimeric G proteins cycle between active and inactive forms, thus acting as molecular switches. • The βand γ subunits form a tight complex that anchors thetrimeric G protein to the membrane on the cytoplasmic side .

  25. 异三聚体GTP结合蛋白 • The G protein becomes activated upon binding to the ligand-activated seven-spanning receptor. • In its inactive form, G exists as a trimer with GDP bound to the α subunit. Binding to the receptor–ligand complex induces the α subunit to exchange GDP for GTP. This exchange causes the α subunit to dissociate from β and γ, allowing α to associate instead with an effector enzyme.

  26. 异三聚体GTP结合蛋白 • The α subunit has a GTPase activity that is activated when it binds to the effector enzyme, in this case adenylyl cyclase (also called adenylate cyclase). GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, thereby inactivating the α subunit, which in turn inactivates adenylylcyclase. The α subunit bound to GDP reassociates with the β and γ subunits and can then be reactivated by associating with the hormone–receptor complex.

  27. Schematic drawing of sevenspanning receptors.

  28. NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 酶 酶 G蛋白 G蛋白 C C β β COOH α COOH α γ γ GDP GDP

  29. 腺苷酸环化酶 G 蛋白 R A C β α γ GDP R B C β α γ GTP GDP C R C β γ α GTP ATP cAMP+PPi

  30. 霍乱毒素cholera toxin • 由两种肽链组成,一个是ADP-核糖转移酶,它可以穿过细胞表面进入细胞质,催化胞内的NAD+的ADP的核糖基共价不可逆的结合到G蛋白的α亚基上,使α亚基与GTP结合,而GTP酶失活,GTP不能水解成GDP,因此活化的α亚基始终结合在环化酶上,细胞质中产生cAMP增加了100倍以上,导致膜蛋白让大量的水分进入肠腔,严重腹泻。

  31. 第三节 细胞内的第二信使 • Signal transduction pathways often involve the generation of second messengers, transient secondary signals inside the cell that greatly amplify the original signal. • For example, a single hormone molecule might lead to the activation of an enzyme that produces hundreds of molecules of a second messenger.

  32. 第三节 细胞内的第二信使 • Among the most common second messengers are • 3′,5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP); • 3′,5′-cyclic GMP (cGMP); • nitric oxide (NO); • cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR); • 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG); • inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3); • and Ca2+ (Figure).

  33. 胞内第二信使主要有: ⑴ Ca2+ ⑵ cAMP ⑶ IP3(三磷酸肌醇) ⑷ DAG (二酯酰甘油)

  34. 一、钙离子和钙结合蛋白 1 植物细胞的钙离子 胞外钙库:细胞壁; 胞内钙库:液泡、内质网、线粒体 钙离子跨膜运转

  35. In plant cells, most of the calcium of the cell accumulates in the vacuole. • The proton electrochemical gradient across the vacuolar membrane that is generated by tonoplast proton pumps drives calcium uptake via Ca2+–H+ antiporters

  36. 钙作用的实验

  37. Calcium serves as a second messenger for a wide variety of cell signaling events. This role of calcium is well established in animal cells, and circumstantial evidence suggests a role for calcium in signal transduction in plants as well.

  38. 钙作用受体 • 钙结合蛋白主要有2种: 钙调素 和 钙依赖型蛋白激酶 • 钙调素(calmodulin, CaM) 耐热球状酸性蛋白, • 是具有148个氨基酸的单链多肽, 每个CaM有4个Ca2+结合位点

  39. CaM的作用方式有两种: 直接与靶酶结合,诱导、调节靶酶活性; 与Ca2+结合,形成Ca2+·CaM复合体,再与靶酶结合并激活。 靶酶: Ca2+ -ATP酶、 Ca2+通道、NAD激酶、多种蛋白激酶等。

  40. Calcium oscillation • Studies with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicators, such as fura-2 and aequorin(发光蛋白), have shown that the calcium signal often originates in a localized region of the cell and propagates as a wave throughout the cytosol. • Repeated waves called calcium oscillations can follow the original signal, each lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.

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