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Amoeba Sisters: Why is RNA just as Cool as DNA?

Amoeba Sisters: Why is RNA just as Cool as DNA?. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M. Protein Synthesis. Transcription and Translation. CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY How is information passed? _____ → ______ → ________. DNA. RNA. PROTEIN.

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Amoeba Sisters: Why is RNA just as Cool as DNA?

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  1. Amoeba Sisters: Why is RNA just as Cool as DNA? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M

  2. Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation

  3. CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY How is information passed? _____ → ______ → ________ DNA RNA PROTEIN Then the protein “DOES SOMETHING”that shows up as a ________ trait

  4. The Genetic Code • The sequence of nitrogen bases along a DNA strand that code for the synthesis of proteins. • There are 20different amino acids ( the building blocks of proteins.)

  5. WHAT ARE GENETIC TRAITS ? THE 20 AMINO ACIDS: A TYPICAL PROTEIN: The same 20 amino acids make up all proteins.

  6. HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? CODON Message is read in groups of 3 = _________ UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine - Histidine - Glycine Codons represent different amino acids

  7. DNA mRNA Some rules of reading genetic code A U triplet = 3 nucleotides on a DNA molecule codon triplet T A G C codon = 3 nucleotides on an mRNA molecule G C C G DNA (triplets) ATT CCT GAG TTC A U mRNA (codons) UAA GGA CUC AAG Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein to be made. Remember that amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All organisms use the same genetic codefor amino acids and assembling proteins. That is why the genetic code is said to be universal. REMEMBER DNA to RNA A=U !! There is NO THYMINE

  8.  The m-RNA Code Section 12-3 64 possible codons Some amino acidshave more than one codon. START= _______ 3 codons for _____ AUG STOP

  9. Part I: Transcription transcription = process where DNA is copied into mRNA • occurs in the nucleus DNA cannot leave the nucleus but the message of DNA needs to get out of the nucleus What is the message of DNA?? the order of nucleotides that determine a specific protein mRNA can take message of DNA out of the nucleus Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only

  10. Steps of Transcription • Helicase unzips DNA helix • RNApolymeraseassembles mRNA nucleotides but base pairing rules changes slightly • Thymine in DNA pairs with Adenine • Adenine in DNA pairs with Uracil • Cytosine still pairs with Guanine

  11. Step 1: Helicaseenzyme “unzips” double helix by weakening H-bonds A T G T T T G A A A C T U A C A A A C U U U G A mRNA - - A - - T - - G - - T - - T - - T - - G - - A - - A - - A - - C - - T T - - A - - C - - A - - A - - A - - C - - T - - T - - T - - G - - A - - DNA Write the complementary codon sequence. Slide  Copy the following DNA sequence. Write the complementary nucleotide sequence. Step 2: RNA polymerase enzyme forms complementary mRNA strand

  12. Transcription is complete when the mRNA leaves the Nucleus and enters the Cytoplasm. • The CODONS will then be translated at the ribosome.

  13. The Genetic Code: CODONS code for amino acids 1. UUC Phenylalanine 2. CCC Proline 3. AGC Serine 4. UGA Stop

  14. Part II: Translation The language of DNA is translated into the language of amino acids translation = process where the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins • occurs in the ribosomesof the cytoplasm

  15. Steps of Translation: 1. The mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. tRNAs carry specific amino acids to the ribosome 3. The tRNAanticodon pairs with the correct mRNA codon 4. The ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon while the tRNAsbring more amino acids 5. The amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds 6. Continues until a STOPcodon is reached

  16. Some rules of reading genetic code mRNA tRNA U A codon Start U A codon = 3 nucleotides on an mRNA molecule G C C anticodon = 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule anticodon G U tRNA is responsible for bringing amino acidsto the ribosome. tRNA has an anticodon, which is the opposite of the mRNA codon. It is important to remember that the mRNA codon determines the amino acid, NOT the tRNA anticodon. mRNA: U U A C G A A G C U C G G C UU C GA G C tRNA: A A U amino acid: Leucine - Arginine - Serine - Serine

  17. Transcription vs. Translation Review Transcription • Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA • Occurs in the nucleus • DNA mRNA Translation • Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome • Occurs on a Ribosome • mRNA protein

  18. Complete the Following Chart: DNA: TAC AAG CTT GGG ATA CGC TAA ATT mRNA: UUC GAA CCC UAU GCG AUU UAA AUG tRNA: AAG CUU GGG AUA CGC UAA AUU UAC amino acids: Phenylalanine - Glutamic Acid - Proline - Tyrosine - Alanine - Isoleucine - Stop Start - **Remember – use the mRNA codons to determine the amino acids!! NOT the Anti codons

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