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What is Radio Frequency Spectrum

What is Radio Frequency Spectrum. National Institute of Communication Finance 29 th April 2013 (T K Varada Krishnan, Consultant, WPC Wing). OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION. Introduction Wave and its characteristics Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio Spectrum Need for Modulation Radio Regulation

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What is Radio Frequency Spectrum

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  1. What is Radio Frequency Spectrum National Institute of Communication Finance 29th April 2013 (T K Varada Krishnan, Consultant, WPC Wing)

  2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  3. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  4. Radio Spectrum : A major resource • It is an important natural scarce resource needed for all wireless applications. • Radio spectrum is always around us in the form of invisible waves. • Radio spectrum is used by countless technologies that affect most aspects of our lives. • Today, radio spectrum has become a significant contributor to national gross domestic product (GDP). Radio Waves Applications

  5. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  6. What is Wave • A wave is basically energy and can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location. • An example of wave is throw a stone in a pond, ripple on water surface is generated and move towards the boundary of the pond. • Light waves from the sun; microwaves inside the microwave oven; radio waves transmitted to the radio; and sound waves from the radio, telephone, and person.

  7. What is Frequency One Cycle per second=1 Hertz One Cycle T=1 Second Two Cycles per second=2 Hertz 1 KHz=1000 Hz 1 MHz=1000 KHz 1 GHz=1000 MHz Two Cycles Example: Simple Motion Pendulum

  8. Example of Wave Simple Harmonic Motion Pendulum

  9. Wave Travel • Wave is nothing but energy. There are two ways in which energy travel By pushing , spinning or kicking molecules of medium so that quanta (energy packet) can gallop and travel These are called as acoustic waves. Ripple in pond is an example . A Music speaker may be a source and air or ear is receiver. FREQUENCY = NO OF RIPPLES PER SECOND WAVELENGTH AMPLITUDE

  10. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves • Travel perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation • Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature • Can travel in vacuum • Travel with speed of light • Travel parallel to the direction of wave propagation • Sound waves are longitudinal in nature • Cannot travel in vacuum, need medium • Speed depend upon medium. Always less than speed of light Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave

  11. Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength of Wave • FREQUENCY • Number of quanta (energy packets) passing a particular point of reference per second is its frequency. Higher the frequency means more quanta per second are transferred hence more energy per second is delivered. • AMPLITUDE • It is number of or bundle of quanta marching together. Higher the count per bundle more is intensity of EM (electromagnetic) energy. • WAVELENGTH • It is the gap in meters between two marching bundles.

  12. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  13. Electromagnetic Spectrum • EM Spectrum is cluster of all detectable frequencies.High frequency doesn’t mean high speed.

  14. Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies ranges from 10 KHz to 300 GHz considered as radio waves. • Radio waves are used as carrier to transmit voice signal/data as voice signal /data signal has less energy. • If two or more radio stations are operating at the same frequency, within the same geographical area, at the same time, there is a likelihood of mutual interference

  15. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  16. Radio Frequency Spectrum

  17. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  18. Radio Radio Any device that has capability to generate or absorb EM energy to transmit or receive information.

  19. Role of Radio Waves in transmission of information (Modulation) • Information (Voice/Data signal) are low energy signal e.g. Voice (0-4 KHz), TV (0-6 MHz) • Need carrier signal (Radio Waves) to transmit information for longer distance. • Superimposition of information signal over carrier signal is known as modulation. • Modulation is like a person (information) wanting to travel from Delhi to Mumbai, need some carrier like Train, Bus, Airplane. • Carrier acts as medium to carry information from one point to another point. Person needs transportation to travel from one city to another city

  20. Role of Radio Waves: Need for Modulation Information

  21. Modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM) When amplitude of carrier varies according to modulating signal (information) Frequency Modulation (FM) When frequency of carrier varies according to modulating signal (information)

  22. How transmission takes place Demodulator Modulator

  23. BAND & BANDWIDTH Band = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 • BAND (Frequency Band) • Range of frequencies in which radios of particular technology can operate. BANDWIDTH • Range of frequencies that a radio of a particular technology needs to exchange (transmit and Receive). For example, one GSM mobile user needs 200 kHz of band for its voice transmission. F1 F2 F3 F4

  24. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  25. Regulation of Radio Spectrum • All theRadio frequency bands are shared amongst different types of 41 radiocommunication services. • Radio spectrum is limited; and radio signals are all pervasive, i.e., they don't recognise man-made boundaries. • Spectrum is non-consumable finite natural resource. It is the use of spectrum, which can be regulated. • Management of spectrum is highly complex due to conflicting demands by different services in the same frequency bands.

  26. Radio Regulatory Body • At international level, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialised agency of the United Nations, formulates radio regulations for spectrum usage and its management. • Countries world over have their own National Radio Spectrum Regulatory Authority. • In India, the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) Wing, functions as the National Radio Regulatory Authority for Frequency Spectrum Management. ITU Headquarter

  27. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) • UN agency for development of telecommunications. • Membership includes more than 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates. • 3 core sectors: ITU-R: Radio Communication Sector; ITU-D: Development Sector and ITU-T: Standardization Sector. • ITU functions are: • International regulations and plans • Management of radio frequency spectrum through ITU-R • Standards and recommendations • Assistance to developing countries

  28. Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing • WPC Wing, created in 1952, functions as the national radio regulatory nodal agency of the Government of India • Responsible for planning, regulating, and managing the limited resources of Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum • Acts through the Indian Telegraph Act 1885 (ITA 1885) and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 (IWTA 1933). • National agency for all matters related to ITU-R sector and Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT).

  29. National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) • The National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) of India was evolved and made effective from 01.01.2000. • Basis for development, manufacturing and spectrum utilization activities in the country. • NFAP is reviewed periodically in line with the Radio Regulations of the ITU-R in order to cater to newly emerging technologies.

  30. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  31. Spectrum Allocation Process

  32. Spectrum Allocation Process Radio Waves 1 • Allocation of spectrum for the use of different radiocomunication services 2

  33. Spectrum Allocation Process • Allotment of radio frequency channel in an agreed plan for use of any services • Assignment of frequency channel for a radio station for specific use in specific geographic location 2 3 4 Issue of wireless operating license

  34. Spectrum Allocation Process

  35. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  36. Various Access Method

  37. Generations of Cellular Technologies

  38. GSM System Architecture PSTN ISDN PDN BSC BTS MS MSC GMSC BTS BSC VLR MS EIR BTS AUC MS HLR

  39. Mobile Originating Call

  40. Frequency Reuse (GSM) “4 ´ 3” reuse mode: One group includes 3 sectors per site ,12 frequency which are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.

  41. GSM System -Demo

  42. Frequency bands for 2 G and 3 G Mobile Services in India Spectrum Allocation in various other bands

  43. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • Wave and its characteristics • Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio Spectrum • Need for Modulation • Radio Regulation • Spectrum Allocation Process • 2G Service Architecture • Spectrum Allotted to 2G services

  44. Spectrum Allocated for 2 G (CDMA) Services • Initially a maximum of 2.5 MHz + 2.5 MHz @ 1.25 MHz per carrier). • Additional spectrum beyond the above stipulation may also be considered for allocation after ensuring optimal utilization of the already allocated spectrum. • Spectrum not more than 5 + 5 MHz shall be allocated to any UAS Licensee.

  45. Spectrum Allocated for 2 G (GSM) Services • Initially a spectrum of 4.4 MHz allocated to an operator in a service area • Additional spectrum beyond 4.4 MHz could be considered after ensuring optimal and efficient utilisation of the already allotted spectrum.

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