Andre Marks Angela Merchan Torri Macarags

1. Chapter 14 Forging the National Economy 1790-1860 Andre Marks Angela Merchan Torri Macarags

2. Introduction America • Western America: cheap land attracting natives and immigrants. • New Machinery: Faster crop cultivation, manufacturing, work pace, transportation (roads, steamboats, canals, railroads) and connections (coast to coast and gulf to Great Lakes). • Economy improved: More market oriented and nationally united.

3. The Westward Movement • 1840 the U.S. demographic center moved west across the Alleghenies. • Pioneer Life • Families: Poorly fed, ill-clad, lived in shanties. Disease, depression and premature death were common. • Women: Cut off from human contact for days, weeks or months at a time. Very prone to depression, breakdowns and madness. • Men: Carved homes out of the wilderness and No-holds-barred wrestling was popular entertainment (biting off noses and eye gouging).

4. Shaping the Western Landscape • Pioneers exhausted land with tobacco and sugar cane. But “Kentucky Blue Grass” grew on the depleted soil (good pasture). • 1840’s beaver hats went out of style, animal almost extinct so they turned to the Buffalo robes and Otter pelts. • “ecological imperialism”: The animals were almost extinct for a profit. • George Caitlin: Encouraged preservation nature as a national policy. Yellowstone National Park (1872). • Americans: Nationalistic pride for their land, virgin soil. Inspiring literature, painting and conservation movements.

5. The March of Millions • Mid 1800’s Europe had a “surplus” population. 35 million out of the 60 million emigrants came to America: “land of opportunity”. • Transatlantic steamships: Unsanitary conditions, crossed Atlantic in 10-12 days. • Urban growth: New York, New Orleans and Chicago. • Over-rapid Urbanization, problems: Smelly slums, bad street lights, inadequate policing, rats, and bad garbage disposal.

6. The Emerald Isle Moves West • The “Black Forties” (1840’s): Potato famine in Ireland killed ¼ of the Irish population (about 1 million) through disease and hunger. • 1860’s: more Irish in the U.S. than in Ireland (Boston New York). 35 and under and literate • The Ancient Order of Hibernians: Founded to fight oppression in Ireland. U.S.: benevolent society, helped others. • Crammed into slums and were discriminated by Protestants for Catholicism. Many died from disease or accidental explosions. • Irish gained power: controlled police departments, politicians noticed their growth/influence in New York, many sought their vote. • Riots between the Irish and Blacks occurred in port cities (both were bottom of society).

7. The German Forty-Eighters • 1830-1860 over a million and a half Germans migrated to America. Mainly uprooted farmers or liberal political refuges. • Supported public schools (kindergarten), art, music and freedom (opposed slavery). • Germans: • Brought liberal ideas: Carl Schurz, against slavery and public corruption. • Settled the mid-west (Wisconsin), politicians sought their vote. • Brought their culture: Conestoga Wagon, Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, and beer.

8. Flare-ups of Anti-foreignism • 1840’s-50’s Americans felt threatened by foreigners, (outnumbered, outvoted, jobs, Catholicism). • 1849 “Nativists” created Order of the Star Spangled Banner: restrictions on immigration, naturalization and laws for deportation of alien paupers. • Immigrant clashes weren’t as frequent or violent because the immigrants and economy needed each other. • Without immigrants, U.S: agricultural instead of 19th C Industrial Revolution. • 1844 Philadelphia: “Nativists” vs. Irish Catholics fought for several days. 2 Catholic churches burned, 13 killed, 50 wounded.

9. The March of Mechanization • In 1750, steam was used • Industrial Revolution in England. • Peasants preferred to grow crops as opposed to working in factories.  -Labor was scarce and hard to find until the 1840s.  • - There was also not a lot of money for investment in America • - The large British factories also had a monopoly on the textile industry.

10. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Samuel Slater “Father of the Factory” • Put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791. • Eli Whitney • Built the first cotton gin in 1793. • demand for cotton revived the need for more slaves. • New England was favored as the industrial centerbecause it had poor soil for farming • it had a dense population for labor • shipping brought in capital

11. Marvels in Manufacturing • The War of 1812 prompted aboom of American factoriesand the use of American products.  • The surplus in American manufacturing droppedfollowing the Treaty of Ghent in 1815.  • The British manufacturers sold their products to Americans at very low prices.  • Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 in order to protect the American manufacturers.  • Eli Whitney • Interchangeable parts (for muskets)caught on by 1850…became the basis for mass-production. • Elias Howe • Invented the sewing machinein 1846. . • Laws of "free incorporation“ 1848 • Told businessmen they could create corporations without applying for individual charters from the legislature. • Samuel F. B. Morse “what hath God wrought” • invented the telegraph.

12. Workers and “Wage Slaves” • Factory Life • In the 1820s, many childrenwere used as laborers in factories.  • With Jacksonian democracy came the rights of the laboring man to vote. • President Van Buren established the ten-hour work day in 1840. • Commonwealth vs. Hunt • Supreme Court ruling said that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful.

13. Women and the Economy • Farm women and girls…Spun yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, and cheese.  • “Lowell Girls“ • Catharine Beecher • Urged women to enter the teaching profession. • The vast majority of working women were single. 20% prior to marriage • Families were small during Industrial Revolution; Love not arrangement

14. Women in Factory • Child centered families • Punishments less “cruel” • Goal was to raise independent children

15. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields • The trans-Allegheny region became the nation's breadbasket. • Liquor and hogsbecame the early western farmer's staple market items. • John Deere • Produced a steel plow in • 1837 which broke through • the thick soil of the West.

16. Highways and Steamboats Lancaster Turnpike- highway from Philadelphia to Lancaster. In 1811, the government began constructing the National Road, Cumberland Road. Robert Fulton created the first steam boat, which played a vital role in opening and binding the West and South.

17. Clinton’s “Big Ditch” in New York • Governor DeWitt Clinton- governor of New York who lead the building of the Erie Canal. • The Erie Canal lowered shipping prices and decreased passenger transit time, as well as connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River.

18. The Iron Horse • The most significant contribution to this developing continental economy was the railroad. • The first railroad appeared in 1828.

19. Railroad

20. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Clipper ships- ships produced in the 1840’s and 1850’s by Yankee naval yards, that sacrificed cargo room for speed; transported small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. The Pony Express was established in 1860 to carry mail from Missouri to Sacramento.

21. The Transport Web Binds The Union Canals and railroad tracks were built from the east to the west, connecting the United States. “Transport Revolution” was caused by the desire of the East to move west. The railroad linked America.

22. The Market Revolution The “Market revolution” transformed the American economy. We went from being a nation of small subsistence farms and tiny workshops, to a national network of industry and commerce. As the population became more and more invested in this growing market economy, they began working in mills and factories instead of growing their own food, making themselves dependent on the national economy. Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought prosperity to Americans, and widened the gap between rich and poor. Millions of immigrants came to America as a result of the opportunities offered here.

23. Due Thursday • Question: What were the prime factors that contributed to western expansion during the mid-1800’s in the U.S.?