Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

1. Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivational Theories and Concepts • Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior • Drive theories – seeking homeostasis • Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli • Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

3. Figure 10.2 The diversity of human motives

4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors • Brain regulation • Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus • Paraventricular nucleus • Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucostatic theory • Hormonal regulation • Insulin and leptin

5. Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus

6. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors • Learned preferences and habits • Exposure • When, as well as what • Food-related cues • Appearance, odor, effort required • Stress • Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

7. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity • Evolutionary explanations • Genetic predisposition • Body Mass Index and adoption study • The concept of set point/settling point • Dietary restraint

8. Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight

9. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Hormonal regulation • Estrogens • Androgens • Testosterone • Pheromones • Synchronized menstrual cycles • Aphrodisiacs • Erotic materials • Attraction to a Partner • The Coolidge effect • Evolutionary factors

10. Figure 10.6 Rape victim-offender relationships

11. Figure 10.7 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

12. Figure 10.8 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

13. Figure 10.10 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

14. Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

15. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual • A continuum • Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental • Biological • Interactionist

16. Figure 10.12 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

17. Figure 10.13 How common is homosexuality?

18. Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation

19. The Human Sexual Response • Masters and Johnson – 1966 • Stages: • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution

20. Figure 10.15 The human sexual response cycle

21. Figure 10.16 The gender gap in orgasm consistency

22. Achievement Motivation • Achievement motive = need to excel • Work harder and more persistently • Delay gratification • Pursue competitive careers • Situational influences on achievement motives • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

23. The Elements of Emotional Experience • Cognitive component • Subjective conscious experience • Positive psychology • Physiological component • Bodily (autonomic) arousal • Behavioral component • Characteristic overt expressions

24. Figure 10.20 The amygdala and fear

25. Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

26. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange • Feel afraid because pulse is racing • Cannon-Bard • Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system • Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory • Look to external cues to decide what to feel • Evolutionary Theories • Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

27. Figure 10.23 Theories of emotion

28. Figure 10.24 Primary emotions

29. Happiness • Common sense notions incorrect • Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated • Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated • Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated • Subjective rather than objective reality important

30. Figure 10.27 The subjective well-being of nations

31. Figure 10.29 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness