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Chapter 2. Job Order Costing. Learning Objective 2-1. Describe the key differences between job order costing and process costing. Job Order versus Process Costing. Process Costing. Average Unit Cost. Total Manufacturing Cost Total Units Produced. =.
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Chapter 2 Job Order Costing
Learning Objective 2-1 Describe the key differences between job order costing and process costing.
Process Costing AverageUnitCost Total Manufacturing Cost Total Units Produced = Costs are traced to the process and then divided by units produced to obtain an average unit cost.
Manufacturing Cost Categories DirectLabor DirectMaterials ManufacturingOverhead
Predetermined Overhead Rates Manufacturing overhead is applied to jobs that are in process. An allocation base, such as direct labor hours, direct labor dollars, or machine hours, is used to assign manufacturing overhead to individual jobs. • We use an allocation base to apply manufacturing overhead because: • It is impossible or difficult to trace overhead costs to particular jobs. • Manufacturing overhead consists of many different items ranging from the grease used in machines to a production manager’s salary. • Actual overhead for the period may not be known until the end of the period.
The predetermined overhead rate (POHR) used to apply overhead to jobs is determined before the period begins using estimates. Predetermined Overhead Rates Estimated TotalManufacturing Overhead CostEstimated Total Cost Driver PredeterminedOverhead Rate = Ideally, the allocation base is a cost driver that causes overhead.
Predetermined Overhead Rates Based onestimates, and determined before the period begins. Actual Cost Driver Applied Manufacturing Overhead PredeterminedOverheadRate × = Actualamount of thecost driversuch as units produced, direct labor hours, or machine hours incurred during the period.
Job Order Costing in a Service Firm Job order costing is used in many professional service firms, including accounting firms, law firms, advertising and public relations firms, architectural and engineering firms, and health care providers. All of these businesses offer specialized services to clients that tend to have different needs or demands.
Job Order Costing in a Service Firm Because service firms tend to be labor intensive, the primary driver used to assign cost is billable hours. A billable hour is the time that can be directly attributed to a specific client and is equivalent to direct labor hours in a manufacturing setting. In professional service firms, each employee keeps track of how much time is spent on each client so that the client’s account can be charged for that cost.
Job Order Costing in a Service Firm Service firms incur many other indirect costs that cannot be traced to specific clients or accounts. Examples include the non billable time that employees spend on activities such as training, paperwork, and supervision; the salaries of administrative personnel; rent and utilities for the corporate office; and infrastructure costs such as computers, networks, and the like. These indirect costs are treated just like manufacturing overhead in a factory. They get assigned to individual clients or accounts based on an allocation base, or cost driver, such as billable hours (for an accounting firm) or the number of patient days (for a hospital).
