1. Chapter 2Getting Started with PHPPHP Programming with MySQL

2. Objectives • Install and configure a Web server • Install and configure PHP • Install and configure MySQL • Create basic PHP scripts PHP Programming with MySQL

3. Understanding Binary and Source Code Installations • Binary format (or binaries) refer to compiled files, such as executable installation programs • Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written • Source code must be compiled, or processed, and assembled into an executable format before it is used • Compiled programs only need to be recompiled when their code changes PHP Programming with MySQL

4. Installing and Configuring a Web Server • Apache is the most popular Web server software used on the Internet • Microsoft IIS for Windows is the second most popular server software • In Windows, a service refers to a program that performs a specific function to support other programs PHP Programming with MySQL

5. Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux • Go to http:/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi • Run the gunzip command: gunzip httpd-2.0.52.tar.gz • Run the tar command:tar xvf httpd-2.0.52.tar • Change to the http-2.0.52 directory:cd httpd-2.0.52 • Run the configure command:./configure PHP Programming with MySQL

6. Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux (continued) • Compile the Apache source code with the make command • Run the make install command in the httpd-2.0.52 directory • Start, stop, and restart Apache using the apachectl control script PHP Programming with MySQL

7. Installing and Running Apache on Windows • Go to http:/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi • Download the apache_2.0.52-win32-x86-no_ssl.msi installation file • Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next • Accept the terms of the License Agreement, click Next • Read the contents of the Read This First screen, click Next PHP Programming with MySQL

8. Installing and Running Apache on Windows (continued) • Accept the default values, click Next • Select a Typical installation, click Next • Accept the default Destination Folder directory, click Next • Click Back to make changes or click Install to finish • Click Finish PHP Programming with MySQL

9. Installing and RunningInternet Information Services on Windows • Open the Control Panel from the Start menu • If using Windows XP, select Switch to Classic View • Select the Add or Remove Programs icon • Click Add/Remove Windows Components • Click the check box next to Internet Information Services (IIS), click Next PHP Programming with MySQL

10. Installing and RunningIIS on Windows (continued) • After the installation is complete, click Finish • If prompted, restart Windowsotherwise close the Control Panel PHP Programming with MySQL

11. Testing Your Web Server • Open your Web browser • Type http://localhost/ in the Address box, click Enter Figure 2-2 Apache’s default Web page PHP Programming with MySQL

12. Testing Your Web Server (continued) • Type http://127.0.0.1/ in the Address box, click Enter Figure 2-3 Web page informing you that IIS is running PHP Programming with MySQL

13. Configuring Apache • To configure ports and other settings you must edit the httpd.conf file • For UNIX/Linux • /usr/local/apache2/conf • For Windows • C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf • Lines that begin with the pound sign (#) are informational comments • Lines without pound signs contain directives PHP Programming with MySQL

14. Configuring Apache (continued) Figure 2-4 httpd.conf PHP Programming with MySQL

15. Configuring Apache (continued) • Directives define information about how a program should be configured • The DocumentRoot directive identifies the default directory from where Apache serves Web pages • The Alias directive identifies other directories that Apache can use to serve Web pages PHP Programming with MySQL

16. Configuring Internet Information Services Figure 2-5 Default Web Site Properties dialog box PHP Programming with MySQL

17. Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache • Go to http://www.php.net/downloads.php • Run the gunzip command: gunzip php-5.0.3.tar.gz • Run the tar command:tar xvf php-5.0.3.tar • Change to the php-5.0.3 directory:cd php-5.0.3 • Run the configure command:./configure PHP Programming with MySQL

18. Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache (continued) • Compile the PHP source code with the make command • Run the make install command in the php-5.0.3 directory • Specify which configuration file you want to use with PHP:cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini PHP Programming with MySQL

19. Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS • Go to http://www.php.net/downloads.php and download the latest Windows binary installer • Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next • In the License Agreement screen, click I Agree • In the Installation Type screen, select Standard, then click Next • Accept the default destination location, click Next PHP Programming with MySQL

20. Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS (continued) • In the Mail Configuration screen, accept the default values of localhost, click Next • In theServer Type screen, select the type of Web server that you want to use with PHP, click Next • In the Start Installation screen, click Next to begin installation • Click OK to close the dialog box of the Web server you selected PHP Programming with MySQL

21. Configuring Apache for PHP on UNIX/Linux Platforms • Open the httpd.conf file from the /usr/local/apache2/conf directory • Search for the LoadModule directive:LoadModule php5_module libexec/libphp5.so • Add the AddType directive to the end of the file:AddType application/x-httpd-php .php • Save and close the httpd.conf file • Restart Apache with the command:/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart PHP Programming with MySQL

22. Configuring Apache for PHP on Windows • Click the Start menu and point to All Programs • Select the Edit the Apache httpd.configConfiguration File command • Add the following to the end of the file:ScriptAlias /PHP/ “C:/PHP/”AddType application/x-httpd-php .phpAction application/x-httpd-php “/PHP/php-cgi.exe” • Save and close the httpd.conf file • Restart Apache and select the Restartcommand PHP Programming with MySQL

23. Configuring PHP Figure 2-6 The php.ini configuration file PHP Programming with MySQL

24. Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and Linux • Go to http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ and download the latest version of MySQL • Create a separate group and user named for running MySQL:groupadd mysqluseradd -g mysql mysql • Run the gunzip mysql-4.1.9.tar.gz command • Run the tar xvf mysql-4.1.9.tar command • Change to the mysql-4.1.9 directory PHP Programming with MySQL

25. Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and Linux (continued) • Run the ./configure command • Compile the MySQL code with the make command • Run the make install command • Change to the scripts directory • Run the mysql_install_db --user=mysql script • Run the ownership commands:chown -R root /usr/local/mysqlchown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/varchgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql PHP Programming with MySQL

26. Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows • Go to http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ • Open Windows Explorer or My Computer and start the MySQL installation • In the Welcome screen, click Next to start the installation • Accept the default setup type Typical, click Next • Click Back to make changes or click Install to continue PHP Programming with MySQL

27. Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows (continued) • Create a new account or skip sign-in, click Next • In the Wizard Completed screen, click Finish • In the first screen of the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard, click Next • In the Configuration Type screen, select Standard Configuration, click Next PHP Programming with MySQL

28. Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows (continued) • In the Windows Options screen, accept the default values (do not select the Include Bin Directory in Windows PATH check box), click Next • In the Security Options screen, deselect the Modify Security Settings check box, click Next • Click Back to change any of the configuration operations or Execute to finish PHP Programming with MySQL

29. Testing the MySQL Server • Check to see if MySQL is running • For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & • For Windows, use the Services window • Run the mysqladminversion command • For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version • For Windows, change to the C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\ directory and run: mysqladmin version PHP Programming with MySQL

30. Creating Basic PHP Scripts • Embedded scripting languages (JavaScript or PHP) refer to code that is embedded within a Web page (either an HTML or XHTML document) • This code is typed directly into a Web page as a separate section • A Web page document containing PHP code must have an extension of .php • PHP code is never sent to a client’s Web browser PHP Programming with MySQL

31. Creating Basic PHP Scripts (continued) • The Web page generated from the PHP code, and HTML or XHTML elements found within the PHP file, is returned to the client • A PHP file that does not contain any PHP code should have an .html extension • .php is the default extension that most Web servers use to process PHP scripts PHP Programming with MySQL

32. Creating PHP Code Blocks • Code declaration blocks are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine • There are four types of code declaration blocks: • Standard PHP script delimiters • The <script> element • Short PHP script delimiters • ASP-style script delimiters PHP Programming with MySQL

33. Standard PHP Script Delimiters • A delimiter is a character or sequence of characters used to mark the beginning and end of a code segment • The standard method of writing PHP code declaration blocks is to use the <?php and ?> script delimiters • The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements PHP Programming with MySQL

34. The <script> Element • The <script> element identifies a script section in a Web page document • For client-side scripting, the type attribute of the <script> element indicates which scripting language and version is being used • When the <script> element is used with PHP, you do not include the type attribute PHP Programming with MySQL

35. Short PHP Script Delimiters • The syntax for the short PHP script delimiters is <? statements; ?> • Short delimiters can be disabled in a Web server’s php.ini configuration file • PHP scripts will not work if your Web site ISP does not support short PHP script delimiters • Short delimiters can be used in XHTML documents, but not in XML documents PHP Programming with MySQL

36. ASP-Style Script Delimiters • The syntax for the ASP-style script delimiters is <% statements; %> • ASP-style script delimiters can be used in XHTML documents, but not in XML documents • ASP-style script delimiters can be enabled or disabled in the php.ini configuration file • To enable or disable ASP-style script delimiters, assign a value of “On” or “Off ” to the asp_tags directive in the php.ini configuration file PHP Programming with MySQL

37. Understanding Functions • A function refers to a procedure that performs a specific task • To execute a function, you must invoke, or call, it from somewhere in the script • A function call is the function name followed by any data that the function needs • The data (in parentheses following the function name) are called arguments or actualparameters • Sending data to a called function is called passing arguments PHP Programming with MySQL

38. Displaying Script Results • To return to the client the results of any processing that occurs within a PHP code block, you must use an echo() statement or the print() statement • The echo()and print() statements create new text on a Web page that is returned as a response to a client PHP Programming with MySQL

39. Displaying Script Results (continued) Figure 2-13 PHP Diagnostic Information Web page PHP Programming with MySQL

40. Displaying Script Results (continued) • The echo() and print()statements are language constructs of the PHP programming language • A programming language construct refers to a built-in feature of a programming language • The echo() and print() statements are virtually identical except: • The print() statement returns a value of 1 if it is successful • It returns a value of 0 if it is not successful PHP Programming with MySQL

41. Displaying Script Results (continued) • Use the echo() and print() statements to return the results of a PHP script within a Web page that is returned to a client • A text string, or literal string, is text that is contained within double or single quotation marks • To pass multiple arguments to the echo() and print() statements, separate them with commas like arguments passed to a function PHP Programming with MySQL

42. Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks • For multiple script sections in a document, include a separate code declaration block for each section ... </head> <body> <h1>Multiple Script Sections</h1> <h2>First Script Section</h2> <?php echo “<p>Output from the first script section.</p>”; ?> <h2>Second Script Section</h2> <?php echo “<p>Output from the second script section.</p>” ;?> </body> </html> PHP Programming with MySQL

43. Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks (continued) • PHP code declaration blocks execute on a Web server before a Web page is sent to a client ... </head> <body> <h1>Multiple Script Sections</h1> <h2>First Script Section</h2> <p>Output from the first script section.</p> <h2>Second Script Section</h2> <p>Output from the second script section.</p> </body> </html> PHP Programming with MySQL

44. Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks (continued) Figure 2-17 Output of a document with two PHP script sections PHP Programming with MySQL

45. Case Sensitivity in PHP • Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly case insensitive <?php echo “<p>Explore <strong>Africa</strong>, <br />”; Echo “<strong>South America</strong>, <br />”; ECHO “ and <strong>Australia</strong>!</p>”; ?> PHP Programming with MySQL

46. Adding Comments to a PHP Script • Comments are nonprinting lines placed in code such as: • The name of the script • Your name and the date you created the program • Notes to yourself • Instructions to future programmers who might need to modify your work PHP Programming with MySQL

47. Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued) • Line comments hide a single line of code • Add // or # before the text • Block comments hide multiple lines of code • Add /* to the first line of code • And */ after the last character in the code PHP Programming with MySQL

48. Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued) <?php /* This line is part of the block comment. This line is also part of the block comment. */ echo “<h1>Comments Example</h1>”; // Line comments can follow code statements // This line comment takes up an entire line. # This is another way of creating a line comment. /* This is another way of creating a block comment. */ ?> PHP Programming with MySQL

49. Summary • Binary format (or “binaries”) refers to files that can be in the form of executable installation programs • Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written • Directives define information about how a program should be configured • JavaScript and PHP are both referred to as embedded scripting languages PHP Programming with MySQL

50. Summary (continued) • You write PHP scripts within code declaration blocks, which are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine • The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements • The term function refers to a procedure (or individual statements grouped into a logical unit) that perform a specific task PHP Programming with MySQL