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GRAMMAR is your friend!

GRAMMAR is your friend!. Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions, And Related Sentence Structure & Punctuation. PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW ALL CONCEPTS & TERMS In this lesson!. Phrase. A group of words with no self-contained, independent meaning.

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GRAMMAR is your friend!

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  1. GRAMMARis your friend! Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions, And Related Sentence Structure & Punctuation

  2. PLEASE REFER • TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX • TO REVIEW • ALL • CONCEPTS & TERMS • In this lesson!

  3. Phrase • A group of words • with • no • self-contained, • independent • meaning.

  4. Types of phrases(and clauses) • Modifying (describing) • Prepositional (spatial or time) • Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund) • PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW THE ABOVE CONCEPTS & TERMS!

  5. Clauses • Every clause • has • at least • a • subject • and • verb.

  6. Sentence • A sentence is a complete thought. • It consists of a subject and predicate. • The predicate is the verb and everything that follows it. • A sentence is also an independent clause.

  7. ? • How can a dependent clause • have a subject and verb • yet • not • express a complete thought?

  8. Two Types of Clauses • Independent Clausescan stand alone as complete thoughts. • Dependent Clausescannot stand alone, and they depend on another word group • In the sentence (an independent clause) • to complete meaning.

  9. Subordinators • Two groups of words • CREATE • dependence or subordination: • Subordinating Conjunctions • and • Relative Pronouns. • These two groups of words create DEPENDENT CLAUSES!

  10. Examples • Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they express: • Time: when, since • Reason: because, since, as • Result: that, so that • Condition: if, unless • Contrast: although, whereas • Location: where, wherever • Choice: whether, than • SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and relative pronouns) • CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES! • See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATORS!

  11. “BISAWAWE”is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions • Because • If • So that • After • When • Although • While • Even though

  12. More subordinators • Another group of words that create dependent or subordinating clauses is called • RELATIVE PRONOUNS. • EXAMPLES: • Who, which, that, whom, whoever

  13. Examples • If the bond issue passes, the city will install new sewers. • In the above sentence, the underlined clause is dependent or subordinate. • The bold clause is the independent clause which could stand alone: • The city will install new sewers.

  14. Coordinating Conjunctions • Coordinating Conjunctions • connect • “equal” or • independent clauses • with a comma preceding • the conjunction.

  15. Coordinating Conjunctions“FANBOYS” • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So

  16. Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions Connecting Independent Clauses • The sky turned gray, and it rained. • Two independent Clauses: • The sky turned gray. • It rained. • I left early, yet I was late for class. • Two independent Clauses: • I left early. • I was late for class.

  17. TRANSITIONS • Most transition words or phrases • Are • CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

  18. Conjunctive Adverbs(Several are also known as transition-words)and the Relationships They Express • Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides • Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nevertheless, instead, otherwise • Comparison: similarly, likewise • Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then • Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently, indeed, certainly

  19. THE PATTERN: Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause

  20. NOTETHE PATTERN! • Independent Clause • Semicolon (;) • Conjunctive Adverb • Comma (,) • Independent Clause.

  21. Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause • Examples— • I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more. • I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to swim often.

  22. ANOTHERRULEFOLLOWS!

  23. A comma followsan introductory phrase or clause. • EXAMPLES • When I arrive, please be ready! • Without a doubt, the idea is great!

  24. COMMA SPLICE • An error that occurs when • a comma (ONLY) • is between • TWO • INDEPENDENT CLAUSES!

  25. To correct comma splices • Keep comma and add coordinating conjunction (FANBOY); • Change comma to period • AND • Capitalize the following word; • OR • Change comma to semicolon.

  26. Reminder • Remember to document your • Study Journal • to show what you • have studied!

  27. In Closing For better understanding-- • PLEASE REFER TO • YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW • THE CONCEPTS & TERMS • in • this lesson!

  28. For more study • Clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttp://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htmhttp://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htmIndependent clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clausehttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_clause.htmlhttp://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/independent.htmlDependent Clauses http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/dependent.htmlhttp://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaDependant_Clauses_and_Phrases.htmComma Splices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_splicehttp://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.htmlhttp://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Pages/SentComSplice.htmlhttp://www.grammartips.homestead.com/splice.htmlFragments http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_frag.htmlSemicolons & Colons http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/colons.htmhttp://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~olson/pms/semicolon.htmlhttp://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/semicolon.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_commacomp.htmlRun-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/tests/run_frag.html

  29. Thanks for your attention! RebekahMattox@hotmail.com

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