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Chapter 27

Chapter 27. The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II. Timeline. Prelude to War. The Role of Hitler World War II began in the mind of Adolf Hitler Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution created the conditions for German expansion

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Chapter 27

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  1. Chapter 27 The Deepening of the European Crisis: World War II

  2. Timeline

  3. Prelude to War • The Role of Hitler • World War II began in the mind of Adolf Hitler • Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution created the conditions for German expansion • Conservative German elites shared Hitler’s dream of world domination • The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) • Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 • Slow rearmament • Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935 • Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 • New Alliances • Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936

  4. Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini in Munich, Germany ca. June 1940

  5. Map 27.1: Changes in Central Europe, 1936-1939

  6. The Path to War (1938-1939) • Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 • Hitler demands the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 • Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 • Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) • Appeasement • German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia • Hitler demands Danzig • British offer to protect Poland • Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 • Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 • Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939

  7. The Path to War in Asia • Japan’s Rise to World Power Status • Defeat of China (1895) and Russia (1905) • By 1933, Japanese Empire included: Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and the Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Islands • Internal Tensions • Population growth • Impact of trade barriers • Rise of militarist government • Japanese Goals in East Asia • September 1931: Japanese conquest of Manchuria • Japan targeted China first • Rape of Nanjing • Cooperation with Germany • Shift of attention to Southeast Asia in the late 1930s

  8. The Course to World War II • Blitzkrieg (lightening war) • Poland divided on September 28, 1939 • Victory and Stalemate • “Phony War”, winter 1939-1940 • Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway • Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 • Evacuation of Dunkirk • Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 • Vichy France • Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951) • Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 • German Luftwaffe • German Mediterranean strategy • Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941

  9. Map 27.2: World War II in Europe & North Africa

  10. War in Asia • Japanese Empire • Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 

  11. Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941

  12. Map 27.3: World War II in Asia & the Pacific

  13. Turning Point of the War (1942-1943) • Entry of United States into the war critical to Allied victory • The Grand Alliance • Defeat of Germany the first priority • Military aid to Russia and Britain • Allies ignore political differences • Agree on unconditional surrender • The Course of the War (1942-1943) • German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union • Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in May 1943 • Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 • Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942

  14. The Last Years of the War • Invasion of Sicily, 1943 • Invasion of Italy, September 1943 • Rome falls June 4, 1944 • D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 • Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches • Within three months, two million men landed • German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943 • Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943 • Russians enter Berlin, April 1945 • Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 • Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945  • Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945 • Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland • New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb • Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945 • Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead

  15. D-Day Invasion

  16. The New Order • The Nazi Empire • Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways • Some areas annexed and made into German provinces • Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans • Racial considerations • Resettlement plans of the East • Poles were uprooted and moved • 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 • Need for labor • Resistance Movements • Resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe • Resistance in all parts of Europe • Communists assumed leadership roles • Women participated in resistance • Resistance in Germany • Limited resistance: White Rose • Plots against Hitler

  17. The Holocaust • First focused on emigration • The Final Solution • Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) • Einsatzgrupen • Death Camps • In operation by the spring of 1942 • Shipments of Jews from Poland, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1942 • Shipments from Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Greece, southern France, Italy, and Denmark • Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) • Auschwitz • Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews • The Other Holocaust • Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews • 40 percent of European Gypsies

  18. Map 27.4: The Holocaust

  19. The New Order in Asia • “Asia for Asians” • Power in the hands of Japanese military • Little respect for local populations

  20. The Mobilization of Peoples • Great Britain • More complete mobilization than its allies or Germany • Efforts to solve food shortage • Planned economy • The Soviet Union • Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians • Siege of Leningrad • Factories moved to the interior • The United States • Slow mobilization until mid-1943 • Social problems • African-Americans • Detroit, June 1943 • Japanese Americans

  21. Mobilization of Peoples (cont) • Germany • Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war • Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries • Albert Speer and armaments production • Total mobilization of the economy, 1944 • Japan • Highly mobilized society • Code of bushido • Demands on women

  22. Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities • Bombing Civilians • Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain • Allies begin bombing raids on German cities under Arthur Harris • Cologne, Germany • American daytime bombing raids • Hamburg; Dresden • Success or failure of bombing raids • Atomic bomb • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

  23. Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

  24. Aftermath: The Emergence of the Cold War • The Conferences at Teheran and Yalta • Conference at Tehran, November 1943 • Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 • Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany • Conference at Yalta, February 1945 • “Declaration on Liberated Europe” • Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan • Creation of a United Nations • German unconditional surrender • Free elections in Eastern Europe • Intensifying Differences • Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 • Truman replaces Roosevelt • Growing problems between the Allies • The Emergence of the Cold War • Mutual mistrust • Ideological conflict

  25. Map 27.5: Territorial Changes after World War II

  26. Discussion Questions • Why did Hitler abandon the fight for England and turn toward Russia? • How did mutual distrust between the allies effect the course of the war? On the peace that followed? • How were conquered or occupied peoples treated by the Germans during the war? • How did each country mobilize the home front for the war effort?

  27. Web Links • BBC History: World War Two • The Battle of Britain • National Archive: Pictures of World War II • War in Asia: Primary Sources • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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