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Understanding the Heart: Structure, Function, and Blood Circulation

This chapter explores the heart, a powerful muscular pump crucial for circulating blood throughout the body. It is located in the mediastinum and features a protective covering known as the pericardium. The heart comprises four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and valves that ensure unidirectional blood flow. The myocardium, the heart's muscle layer, contracts to pump blood, while coronary arteries supply the heart tissues with oxygen. This overview also delves into the layers of the heart wall and the pathways of blood through the heart and body.

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Understanding the Heart: Structure, Function, and Blood Circulation

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  1. Cardiovascular System Chapter 13

  2. Introduction • Heart • Powerful pump connected to an extensive system of tubes (blood vessels) • Brings O2 to all body cells along with nutrients and removes wastes

  3. Structure of the heart • Hallow, cone-shaped, muscular pump • Size • Size varies on body size, avg. adult is 14 cm long and 9 cm wide • Location • Located within the mediastinum • Surrounded by lungs, vertebral column and sternum

  4. Covering of Heart • Pericardium • Encloses hear, fibrous, tough, protective sac

  5. Wall of the heart • Three layers • Epicardium • Protects heart by reducing friction • Myocardium • Middle layer, cardiac muscle, forces blood out of heart chambers • Endocardium • Inner layer, contains blood vessels and specialized cardiac muscle fibers

  6. Heart Chambers and Valves • 4 chambers-2 left, 2 right • Atria • Upper chambers • Thin walls • Receive blood returning to heart • Ventricles • Lower chambers • Thicker walls • Contracts to force blood out of heart and into arteries

  7. Other Parts of Heart • Septum • Separates atriums and ventricles into right and left halves • Prevents blood from never mixing • Atrioventricular Valves (A-V Valves) • Tricuspid on Right (named because of the three cusps) • Bicuspid (Mitral) on Left (named because of the two cusps) • Prevents back flow of blood • Ensures one way traffic

  8. Path of blood through heart/Body Superior and Inferior Vena Cava’s and Coronary Sinus Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Blood low in O2 and High in CO2 Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Valve Right Ventricle Only deoxygenated artery Left Atrium Pulmonary Vein Lungs Only oxygenated vein Gas exchange in capillaries occurs Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle O2 is used by body and blood becomes CO2 Only oxygenated vein Aortic Valve Aorta Body

  9. Blood Supply to heart • The first organ that needs blood is heart itself • Coronary Arteries are responsible for returning blood to myocardium • Often become clogged and leads to heart attack • Arteries bypassed in open heart surgery • Once blood is deoxygenated it returns to Right Atrium through coronary sinus

  10. Review • Where is the heart located? • Describe the layers of the heart wall. • Name and locate the four chambers and valves of the heart. • Describe the function of each heart valve. • Describe the paths of blood through the heart • Which vessels supply blood to the myocardium? • How does blood return from the cardiac tissues to the right atrium?

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