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Filogenia: Disciplina que estudia las relaciones evolutivas entre las distintas especies, reconstruyendo la historia de

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Filogenia: Disciplina que estudia las relaciones evolutivas entre las distintas especies, reconstruyendo la historia de

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    1. Filogenia: Disciplina que estudia las relaciones evolutivas entre las distintas especies, reconstruyendo la historia de su diversificacin (filognesis) desde su origen hasta la actualidad.

    4. Concepto de Estela El sistema formado por los tejidos vasculares en el eje de la planta: tallo y raz se denomina estela. Este concepto se elabor para estudiar las relaciones y homologas en la estructura del vstago de diferentes grupos de plantas. Hay tres tipos bsicos de estela segn la distribucin relativa del sistema vascular y el sistema fundamental de los ejes en estado primario de desarrollo: protostela, sifonostela y eustela, cada uno con variantes. 1) PROTOSTELA. Es una columna slida de tejidos vasculares ubicada en posicin central. Es el tipo ms simple y el ms primitivo filogenticamente, se la encontr en plantas fsiles Concepto de Estela El sistema formado por los tejidos vasculares en el eje de la planta: tallo y raz se denomina estela. Este concepto se elabor para estudiar las relaciones y homologas en la estructura del vstago de diferentes grupos de plantas. Hay tres tipos bsicos de estela segn la distribucin relativa del sistema vascular y el sistema fundamental de los ejes en estado primario de desarrollo: protostela, sifonostela y eustela, cada uno con variantes. 1) PROTOSTELA. Es una columna slida de tejidos vasculares ubicada en posicin central. Es el tipo ms simple y el ms primitivo filogenticamente, se la encontr en plantas fsiles

    6. Caracterstica distintiva Megafilos: meristemas apical y lateral laguna foliar Euphyllophytesel grupo hermano de las licofitas, estn caracterizados por eufilos, es decir hojas con meristemas apical y marginal y una laguna foliar asociada al haz vascular, ramas laterales terminados en esporangios y a distinctively lobed primary xylem strand. Los miembros actuales de este grupo tambin presentan una inversin de 30 kilobases en una regin del del genoma plastdico (). Extant members also possess a 30-kilobase inversion in the large single-copy region of the plastid genomeEuphyllophytesel grupo hermano de las licofitas, estn caracterizados por eufilos, es decir hojas con meristemas apical y marginal y una laguna foliar asociada al haz vascular, ramas laterales terminados en esporangios y a distinctively lobed primary xylem strand. Los miembros actuales de este grupo tambin presentan una inversin de 30 kilobases en una regin del del genoma plastdico (). Extant members also possess a 30-kilobase inversion in the large single-copy region of the plastid genome

    7. Estrbilo

    21. Caracterstica distintiva Megafilos: meristemas apical y lateral laguna foliar Euphyllophytesel grupo hermano de las licofitas, estn caracterizados por eufilos, es decir hojas con meristemas apical y marginal y una laguna foliar asociada al haz vascular, ramas laterales terminados en esporangios y a distinctively lobed primary xylem strand. Los miembros actuales de este grupo tambin presentan una inversin de 30 kilobases en una regin del del genoma plastdico (). Extant members also possess a 30-kilobase inversion in the large single-copy region of the plastid genomeEuphyllophytesel grupo hermano de las licofitas, estn caracterizados por eufilos, es decir hojas con meristemas apical y marginal y una laguna foliar asociada al haz vascular, ramas laterales terminados en esporangios y a distinctively lobed primary xylem strand. Los miembros actuales de este grupo tambin presentan una inversin de 30 kilobases en una regin del del genoma plastdico (). Extant members also possess a 30-kilobase inversion in the large single-copy region of the plastid genome

    28. Las espermatofitas estan unidas por la presencia de semillas es decir megasporangios rodeados de uno o ms tegumentos, tejidos leosos producidos por la actividad de meristemas secundarios y ramificacin a partir de yemas axilares All nuclear analyses strongly ally Gnetales with a monophyletic conifers, whereas all mitochondrial analyses and those chloroplast analyses that take into account saturation of third-codon position transitions actually place Gnetales within conifers, as the sister group to the Pinaceae According to these findings, the Gnetales may be viewed as extremely divergent conifers, and the many morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales (e.g., double fertilization and flower-like reproductive structures) arose independently. Las espermatofitas estan unidas por la presencia de semillas es decir megasporangios rodeados de uno o ms tegumentos, tejidos leosos producidos por la actividad de meristemas secundarios y ramificacin a partir de yemas axilares All nuclear analyses strongly ally Gnetales with a monophyletic conifers, whereas all mitochondrial analyses and those chloroplast analyses that take into account saturation of third-codon position transitions actually place Gnetales within conifers, as the sister group to the Pinaceae According to these findings, the Gnetales may be viewed as extremely divergent conifers, and the many morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales (e.g., double fertilization and flower-like reproductive structures) arose independently.

    29. El nmero de espermatofitas actuales oscila entre 250000 y 300000. Distribuidas entre los clados Cycadas, Ginkgo, coniferas, gnetofitas y angiospermas. Diversos linajes fosiles extintos tambien pertenecen a este grupo como las Bennettitales y los Glossospteridos Aunque la monofila de las plantas con semillas haba sido establecida ya en la dcada de los 80, Las interrelaciones de las plantas con semilla por su parte, permanecen hasta el momento sin resolverse. Aunque la hiptesis de que las gnetales estn relacionadas cercanamente a las angiospermas ha sido apoyada por los anlisis filogenticos de las dcadas del 80 y 90, todos los anlisis moleculares desde 1196 no han podido apoya r una relacin exclusiva de las gnetales con las angiospermas y en cambio recientemente algunos anlisis filogenticos moleculares informan de una relacin muy cercana de las gnetales con las coniferas o . Sumado a esto esta el hallazgo reciente de que las cicadas, ginkgo las coniferas y las gnetales actuales podran componer un grupo monofiltico hermano de las angiospermas. El nmero de espermatofitas actuales oscila entre 250000 y 300000. Distribuidas entre los clados Cycadas, Ginkgo, coniferas, gnetofitas y angiospermas. Diversos linajes fosiles extintos tambien pertenecen a este grupo como las Bennettitales y los Glossospteridos Aunque la monofila de las plantas con semillas haba sido establecida ya en la dcada de los 80, Las interrelaciones de las plantas con semilla por su parte, permanecen hasta el momento sin resolverse. Aunque la hiptesis de que las gnetales estn relacionadas cercanamente a las angiospermas ha sido apoyada por los anlisis filogenticos de las dcadas del 80 y 90, todos los anlisis moleculares desde 1196 no han podido apoya r una relacin exclusiva de las gnetales con las angiospermas y en cambio recientemente algunos anlisis filogenticos moleculares informan de una relacin muy cercana de las gnetales con las coniferas o . Sumado a esto esta el hallazgo reciente de que las cicadas, ginkgo las coniferas y las gnetales actuales podran componer un grupo monofiltico hermano de las angiospermas.

    30. Gnetales 60 spp, 3 genera Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum Rasgos tipo Angiospermas Elementos de vaso + traqueidas No arquegonios Doble fertilizacin GNETALES Luersson Lignins with syringaldehyde [Mule reaction positive]; stem apex with tunica/corpus construction; roots diarch; vessels + [from circular bordered pits], both fiber tracheids and tracheids +; side wall pits in vessels with tori; mucilage cells +; leaves with two traces; stomata syndetochelic; leaves opposite, joined at the base, with collateral buds; strobilus compound, bracts opposite; plant dioecious, but micro- and sterile megasporangium-bearing structures at least sometimes closely associated; microsporangial strobilus compound, microsporangia in synangia surrounded by a tubular "bract", dehiscing apically by the action of the epidermis [exothecium], pollen striate, with granular layer under the tectum [the infratectum, together making up the ektexine]; ovules terminal, integument with much-elongated beak, surrounded by connate structure ["outer integument"]; sperm cell binucleate sperm, both gametes fuse with female gametes; secondary suspensor developing from upper embryonal tier, no primary suspensor; 5' end of the inverted repeat extended. - 3 families, 3 genera, 96 species. EPHEDRACEAE Dumortier - Xeromorphic; cyclopropyl amino acids +; nodes 1:2; leaves reduced, or at least without a lamina; microsporangiophores with 2-8 synangia, each with 2(-4) sporangia, dehiscence porose, pollen lacking a colpus, exine shed on germination; archegonia exposed at base of deep pollen chamber; each nucleus of free-nuclear stage forms an embryo; seed with papillae on the inner side of the outer covering; n = 7. - 1/65. North (warm) temperate, W. South America; drier habitats. Gnetaceae + Welwitschiaceae: torus:margo pits 0; branched sclereids +; stomata mesogenous; male gametophyte with one prothallial cell but no sterile cell; megaspores tetrasporic, no archegonia per se, alveolation does not occur; some cells of embryonal mass elongate, embryo cellular, with lateral "feeder" [protrusion of the hypocotylar axis]. GNETACEAE Lindley - Vessels with vestured pits; sieve tubes with companion cells [derived from different cells]; laticifers +; leaves with 5 or more traces, more than two orders of reticulate venation; ovules and microsporangiophores at same node in staminate plant; microsporangiophore with (1-)2(-4) sporangia, pollen not striate, surface spinose, ovule surrounded by additional connate "integument"; elongated suspensor tubes initially formed, nucleus at end divides forming a embryonal mass; n = 11; one copy of the LEAFY gene. - 1/30. Tropical, rather disjunct. WELWITSCHIACEAE Caruel - Successive cambia + [in root - derived from phelloderm]; leaves amphistomatic; three pairs of leaves only, the second pair persisting for the life of the plant and elongating from the base, venation parallel; ovules and microsporangiophores in intimate association, microsporangiophores 6, basally connate, with synangia of three sporangia, dehiscence radial; ovule with additional pair of bracts; megagametophyte with multinucleate cells, some grow upwards through nucellus forming female gametophytic tubes, fertilisation in apical bulge [both gametes involved?], proembryo pushed back down tube by elongating embryonal suspensor; n = 24; nad1 intron 2 absent. - 1/1. S.W. Africa.GNETALES Luersson Lignins with syringaldehyde [Mule reaction positive]; stem apex with tunica/corpus construction; roots diarch; vessels + [from circular bordered pits], both fiber tracheids and tracheids +; side wall pits in vessels with tori; mucilage cells +; leaves with two traces; stomata syndetochelic; leaves opposite, joined at the base, with collateral buds; strobilus compound, bracts opposite; plant dioecious, but micro- and sterile megasporangium-bearing structures at least sometimes closely associated; microsporangial strobilus compound, microsporangia in synangia surrounded by a tubular "bract", dehiscing apically by the action of the epidermis [exothecium], pollen striate, with granular layer under the tectum [the infratectum, together making up the ektexine]; ovules terminal, integument with much-elongated beak, surrounded by connate structure ["outer integument"]; sperm cell binucleate sperm, both gametes fuse with female gametes; secondary suspensor developing from upper embryonal tier, no primary suspensor; 5' end of the inverted repeat extended. - 3 families, 3 genera, 96 species. EPHEDRACEAE Dumortier - Xeromorphic; cyclopropyl amino acids +; nodes 1:2; leaves reduced, or at least without a lamina; microsporangiophores with 2-8 synangia, each with 2(-4) sporangia, dehiscence porose, pollen lacking a colpus, exine shed on germination; archegonia exposed at base of deep pollen chamber; each nucleus of free-nuclear stage forms an embryo; seed with papillae on the inner side of the outer covering; n = 7. - 1/65. North (warm) temperate, W. South America; drier habitats. Gnetaceae + Welwitschiaceae: torus:margo pits 0; branched sclereids +; stomata mesogenous; male gametophyte with one prothallial cell but no sterile cell; megaspores tetrasporic, no archegonia per se, alveolation does not occur; some cells of embryonal mass elongate, embryo cellular, with lateral "feeder" [protrusion of the hypocotylar axis]. GNETACEAE Lindley - Vessels with vestured pits; sieve tubes with companion cells [derived from different cells]; laticifers +; leaves with 5 or more traces, more than two orders of reticulate venation; ovules and microsporangiophores at same node in staminate plant; microsporangiophore with (1-)2(-4) sporangia, pollen not striate, surface spinose, ovule surrounded by additional connate "integument"; elongated suspensor tubes initially formed, nucleus at end divides forming a embryonal mass; n = 11; one copy of the LEAFY gene. - 1/30. Tropical, rather disjunct. WELWITSCHIACEAE Caruel - Successive cambia + [in root - derived from phelloderm]; leaves amphistomatic; three pairs of leaves only, the second pair persisting for the life of the plant and elongating from the base, venation parallel; ovules and microsporangiophores in intimate association, microsporangiophores 6, basally connate, with synangia of three sporangia, dehiscence radial; ovule with additional pair of bracts; megagametophyte with multinucleate cells, some grow upwards through nucellus forming female gametophytic tubes, fertilisation in apical bulge [both gametes involved?], proembryo pushed back down tube by elongating embryonal suspensor; n = 24; nad1 intron 2 absent. - 1/1. S.W. Africa.

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