The Indo-Europeans Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

1. The Indo-EuropeansHinduism and Buddhism Develop

2. Indo-Europeans Migrate • Indo-Europeans • Nomadic (some say pastoral nomads which means they mainly used products from herded animals) • May have come from the steppes which are dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus • Today would be Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan) • Herded cattle, sheep, and goats • Reliant on horses and used them for long distance mobility • Social structure of intense day to day cooperation between men and women

3. Migrations of Indo-European Speakers through the second and first Millennia B.C. No one knows why exactly the Indo-Europeans left their homelands in the steppes. Whatever reason they migrated out. These migrations, movements of a people from one region to another, happened in waves over a long period of time

4. Indo-European Languages • About half the population of the world today speaks Indo-European languages • English, Spanish, German, Greek, Serbian, Russian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, Bengali, Pushtu, and many more!!! • Does NOT include Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Swahili, Mayan, or Navajo • Related to one another in their grammatical structure and basic vocabulary. • All languages change over time • When people speaking a single language move apart from one another and have no sustained contact, their languages diverge over time, though they remain related to one another

5. Language Relationships People who speak the same language do not necessarily share all other elements of culture. Study of an ancient language may reveal some things about cultural elements of the people who spoke it

6. Hittite Empire • 2000 B.C. occupied Anatolia (Asia Minor) • Dominated Southwest Asia for 450 years and occupied Babylon and fought with Egypt for Syria • Neither dominated

7. HITTITE EMPIRE CONT. • Used their own Indo-European language with one another • Adopted Akkadian, language of the Babylonians when they had conquered • Borrowed ideas from Mesopotamians • Excelled in technology of war • Conquered Egypt through their superior chariots and their iron weapons • However they were powerful but fell around 1190 B.C.

8. Aryans Transform India • Aryans: Indo-European people who, about 1500 B.C. began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent • Left no archaeological record, their sacred literature, the Vedas, left a picture of their life • Four collections of prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals. Most important is The Rig Veda • Passed on Orally • Aryans fought people called dasas • Aryans were taller, lighter in skin color, and spoke a different language…. Also a pastoral people and counted on cows to bring in wealth • Dasas were town dwellers who lived in communities protected by walls

9. Caste System Develops • Aryans organized into four groups based on occupation: • Brahmins (priests) • Warriors • Traders and landowners • Peasants or traders • This determined your role in society • As time went on the four groups became more complex with hundreds of subdivisions

10. Aryan Kingdoms Arise • Great epic of India Mahabharata reflects struggles that took place in India as the Aryan kings worked to control Indian lands • Extended civilization • Chiefs were elected by entire tribe • Minor kings wanted to set up territorial kingdom and struggled with one another for land and power • From this Magadha emerged

11. Answer the following questions:There is not one correct answer • Why and how do religions start? • How might geography influence religion? Religions were started to explain events in the world. For example, a person might ask why it flooded and destroyed a village and an answer might be that the rain god was upset by not praying to him enough and took revenge. Usually if the event was bad or good, it was linked to the people’s actions. Also think about Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Tigris and Euphrates was fast moving and rough in places and flooded quickly and unpredictably. Whereas in Egypt the Nile was relatively easy to navigate and flooding was predictable. Because of this Mesopotamian gods were seen as more changeable, vindictive and cruel, while Egyptian gods were more calm, constant, and dependable.

12. Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

13. Hinduism Evolves • Aryans and non-Aryans settle in India, their cultures start to blend together • Was a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of every day existence • Hindu teachers try to interpret and explain the hidden meanings of Vedic Hymns and later they wrote down the interpretations and is known as Upanishads. However there is not one book that explains how to be a good Hindu • Upanishads are written as dialogues, or discussions between a student and a teacher • Explores how a person can achieve liberation from desires and suffering this is called moksha, a state of perfect understanding of all things • Moksha is not something you will get in just your life time therefore Hindu followers believed in reincarnation (rebirth) where you could get multiple chances to achieve moksha • A soul’s karma (good or bad deeds) followed them from one reincarnation to the next this influences much of your life including your caste

14. Brahma Vishnu Hinduism went through many changes over the last 2,500 years The world soul or Brahman was sometimes seen as having the personality of three gods: Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the protector), and Shiva (the destroyer). Hindus are free to choose the deity they worship or to choose none at all these days Also get to choose the path for achieving Moksha which are: path of right thinking, path of right action, or path of religious devotion New Religions Arise: Upanishads also led to rise of Jainism and Buddhism. Jainism was from 599 B.C. to 527 B.C. and was founded by Mahavira who believed everything in the universe had soul and so should not be harmed Shiva

15. Caste System Answers (Honors) • Brahma • Varnas or Ranked occupational groups • Untouchables-Outcasts who did dirty work/carried out miserable tasks such as cleaning up after funerals • (2 Parts so 2 Points) • Based off of Brahma’s divine explanation of the 4 groups: • Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Untouchables

16. Continued 5. No 6. Describes societies that are layered based on hereditary groups not only in S. Asia but throughout the world. 7. Aryans invaded and introduced it as a means of controlling the local populations 8. (4 points total) Brahmins: spiritual leaders, teachers/ Kshatriyas: warriors and nobles, Vaishyas: merchants and producers, Sudras: Laborers 9. Portugal: means race 10. Gandhi Out of 14 total points!

17. Caste System Answers (regular) • Brahma • Based off of Brahma’s diving explanation of the 4 groups • Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Untouchables • Portugal-Means Race • Describes societies that are layered based on hereditary groups not only in S. Asia but throughout the World • Aryans invaded and introduced it as a means of controlling the local populations • No • Varnas: ranked occupational groups • Brahmins: Spiritual leaders and teachers, Kshatriyas: warriors and nobles, Vaishyas: Merchants and producers, and Sudras: laborers • Untouchables: outcasts who did dirty work • Gandhi

18. Buddhism Seeks Enlightenment Founded by Siddhartha Gautama legend states that when he was born that a prophecy indicated that if he stayed at home he would be a great world ruler and if he left he would become a universal spiritual world leader

19. Buddhism • Siddhartha wandered through the forests of India for six years seeking enlightenment or wisdom. • Tried many things and nothing worked until he meditated under a large fig tree for 49 days and achieved an understanding of the cause of suffering in this world • From this point on he was known as Buddha or “enlightened one” • First sermon was to 5 guys with him that laid out the four main ideas that he had come to understand in his enlightenment The Four Noble Truths

21. Eightfold Path • Guide to behavior (like a staircase) • Had to master one step at a time • Happens over a lifetime • By following this path anyone could reach nirvana, the Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain What is the middle way?.... It is the Noble Eightfold Path—Right views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This is the Middle Way. -BUDDHA, from Samyutta Nikaya

22. Buddhism Cont. • Accepted idea of reincarnation • Rejected many gods of Hinduism and rejected the caste system • 5 Disciples who heard the Buddha’s first sermons were the first monks admitted to the sangha, or Buddhist religious order