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The Opening of America

Discover how America's perspective shifted westward after 1815, leading to the expansion of boundaries, Indian removal policies, emergence of a market economy, and the rise of industrialism. Experience the transformation through canals, steamboats, and factories that revolutionized transportation and agriculture, while the political landscape shaped the nation's growth. Dive into the complexities of early commercial agriculture, banking systems, and the labor movement, reflecting the dynamic changes during this period of American history.

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The Opening of America

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  1. The Opening of America Experience History Chapter 10

  2. Expansion and Migration • American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815 • Land perceived as rich, unsettled • Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

  3. Extending the Boundaries • John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824 • Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific • Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River

  4. North America, 1819

  5. Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal • Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 • Some Indians retain tribal homelands • Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders • Former Indian land sold to speculators

  6. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In • By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians • Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit • Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt • Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers

  7. The People and Culture of the Frontier • West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil • Settlers bring culture with them • Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival • Land values rise rapidly in a few years • Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on

  8. The Market Revolution • The New Nationalism • New generation of political leaders • Era of Good Feeling • Support for national internal improvements • The Cotton Trade • Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney dramatically altered southern agriculture

  9. Emergence of a Market Economy • Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers • Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

  10. Roads and Steamboats • National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia • Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs • Roads useful but unprofitable

  11. Roads and Steamboats (2) • Network of rivers encourage economic development • Flatboats transport down river early • Steamboats transport upriver after 1811 • Upriver capabilities reduce costs • Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations

  12. The Canal Boom • Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825 • Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically • Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

  13. A Revolution in Transportation • Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways • After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network

  14. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture • Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer • Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit • Market stimulates specialization • Ohio Valley produces wheat • Lower South produces cotton

  15. Commerce and Banking • Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing • Farmers borrow on future crops • Use of credit stimulates banking • State banks increase after 1812 • 1816--Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks • Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

  16. Early Industrialism • Rise in manufacturing after 1812 • Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” system • “putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials for farm families, artisans to process • Textile industry leads development of factory system

  17. The Rise of Factories • Technological Advances • Small-scale manufacturing through factories and cheap transportation • Acceptance of technology-from 1790-1860 the US Patent Office granted more patents than England and France combined • Interchangeable parts • Communication-Morse invents the telegraph

  18. The Postal System • Remote areas connected to the rest of the country through the postal system • US had an extensive postal system • Textile Factories • Lowell: the first fully integrated textile factory • Hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with 30 minutes for noon meal • Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers to Irish immigrants causing declining wages

  19. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812 • Politics a one-party system after 1812 • Interest groups no longer take differences into the political arena • Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant to domestic economy • Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by deciding crucial cases

  20. The Shoe Industry • Lynn as the center of shoemaking: Massachusetts town’s population doubled every 20 years • Wages reduced because of number of employees needed • In a little more than a generation shoemaking ceased to be a craft • The Labor Movement • 1834: National Trades’ Union formed • Strength of labor unions collapsed with the depression following the Panic of 1837

  21. The Republicans in Power • Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812 • 1815: establish high tariffs • 1816: charter a national bank • federal aid for internal improvements • Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter • Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts • Efforts provoke sectional conflict

  22. Monroe as President • James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820 • Monroe seeks national harmony • Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters • Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

  23. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues • 1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state • Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives • House rejects unless slavery abolished • South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states

  24. The Missouri Compromise: The Solution • Missouri admitted as slave state • Maine admitted as free state • Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30' • Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South

  25. The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

  26. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court • John Marshall chief justice 1801-1835 • Marshall uses position to encourage national growth • Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious • Protects individual property rights against government interference • Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states

  27. Promote Nationalism in spite of Election of 1800 and the rise of Jefferson. Strengthen the federal government at expense of the states. Strengthen the court at the expense of President. Advance the interests of the commerce class. Protect free enterprise from state control. Protect the sanctity of contracts. Promote economic growth and industrialization. Marshall’s Motives

  28. ISSUE: The Georgia Leg. gave large amount of land to Yazoo Company (bribes) A year later, after election, wanted land back. Land grant contracts can not be repealed, SC. PRECEDENT: Made Contracts “sacred”. Power of the Court to overrule decisions made by the states. Judicial Review of State Laws – “NATIONAL SUPREMACY CLAUSE” Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

  29. ISSUE: Southern States seek to limit the power of the National Bank. Maryland placed a high tax on the Bank. SC: Bank is Constitutional, necessary and proper clause. PRECEDENT: Loose interpretation of the Constitution, esp. necessary and proper clause. States can not tax federal institution. Supremacy Clause. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

  30. ISSUE: NY gave Ogden monopoly over Hudson River Ferry Service. US gave Gibbons control of the same river. State monopolies are worthless. PRECEDENT: State power to grant monopolies is limited. Federal supremacy over-interstate commerce. Loose interpretation of the Constitution, federal government regulates inter-state commerce. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

  31. Nationalism in Foreign Policy:The Monroe Doctrine • When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics • European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious • France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies • Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

  32. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2) • Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence • 1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere • Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs • Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

  33. Prosperity and Anxiety • The Panic of 1819 • National depression • Debts became hard to pay for both city dwellers and rural Americans • The Missouri Crisis • Missouri Compromise shows sectional discord • Americans looked to take more direct control of the government

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