Biology 1 Chapters 39-41

1. Biology 1Chapters 39-41 Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles

2. Do Now • What are the 4 characteristics that all chordates have in common? • Dorsal nerve cord • Notochord • Pharyngeal Pouches • Post-Anal tail Crash Course: Chordates

3. Vertebrates • Vertebrates have three characteristics that distinguish them from other chordates. • Vertebrae-bones or cartilage that surrounds the dorsal nerve cord and form the spine • Cranium-skull that protects the brain • Endoskeleton

4. Vertebrates • Advantage of Endoskeleton: • It protects internal body structures. • It aids in movement. • It provides structural support in terrestrial vertebrates.

5. Vertebrate Classes • Hagfish-do not have vertebrae, notochord remains throughout life • Lamprey-lack jaws, paired fins, and bone, and retain a notochord throughout life

6. Vertebrate Classes • Cartilage Fish-Sharks, Skates, Rays, Ratfishes-skeleton is made of cartilage

7. Vertebrate Classes • Ray-finned fishes-have jaws and paired fins, and skeletons composed of bone • Lobe-finned fishes-have fins that are supported by a bone; lungfish and coelacanth

8. Vertebrate Classes • Amphibians-skin is thin and permeable to gases and water • Reptiles-dry and scaly skin

9. Vertebrate Classes • Birds-adaptations make them able to fly • Mammals-have hair and produce milk

10. Do Now • In 2 lines, explain why the term “fish” can be confusing.

11. Jawless and Cartilaginous Fish • “Fish” refers to three distinct groups of vertebrates: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish

12. Jaws probably evolved from the gill arches of jawless fishes.

13. Fish Adaptations • A streamlined shape and a muscular tail • Paired fins

14. Can regulate their vertical position in the water using a swim bladder.

15. Lateral Line-allows fish to sense vibrations in the water • Kidneys-Filters the blood

16. Class Agnatha-Jawless Fish • The living jawless fish are the lampreys and hagfish. • Feeds parasitically on other fish. • External Fertilization

17. Hagfish • Often burrow into the body of dead fish through the gills, skin, or anus. Once inside, they eat the internal organs • Hagfish

18. Lamprey • Feed on the blood and body fluids of other fishes. • Sea Vampires

19. Class Chondrichthyes-Cartilage Fish • Sharks, skates, rays, and ratfish. • Have skeletons composed of cartilage • Have moveable jaw • Jump

20. Internal Fertilization • Has many small, tooth like scales.

21. Shark • Smooth, torpedo-shaped body • The mouth of a typical shark has 6-20 rows of teeth that point inward.

22. Skates • Have flattened bodies with paired winglike fins and sometimes whiplike tails

23. Rays • Rays have diamond or disk shaped bodies, and skates have triangular bodies • Swimming with Rays • Feeding Frenzy

24. Ratfish • Have gill slits covered by a flap of skin, and a long, ratlike tail • Ratfish

25. Do Now • What makes sharks, skates, rays, and ratfish different from other types of fish?

26. Class Osteichthyes-Bony Fish • Has skin covered by overlapping structures called scales. • The gills of bony fishes are housed in chambers on each side of the head.

27. Operculum-covers the gill chamber. • Blue Planet

28. The swim bladder allows fishes to become more buoyant. • Two types: Lobe-finned and Ray-finned

29. Lobe-Finned Fishes • Lungfish and Coelacanth • Have fleshy fins that are supported by a series of bones • Exchange gases through both lungs and gills

30. Coelacanth • Thought to be extinct until 1938 • Ancestors of amphibians.

31. Lungfish • May live in ponds that periodically dry up. • Can breathe air. • Lungfish

32. Ray-Finned Fish • Have fins that are supported by long, segmented, flexible, bony elements called rays that probably evolved from scales • Spawn-reproductive behavior • Spawning • Trout Spawning

33. Chapter 40 Amphibians

34. Do Now • What evolutionary advancement do the lobe-finned fish have?

35. Class Amphibia • “Double life” • Preadaptations-adaptations in an ancestral group that allow a shift to new functions which are later favored by natural selection. • The earliest known land vertebrates

36. Amphibian Evolution • Lobe-finned fishes ancestral to amphibians had a bone structure within their fins that worked as legs that could walk on land. • The forelimbs of amphibians are homologous to the pectoral fins of fishes; the hind limbs are homologous to the pelvic fins.

37. Modern Amphibians • Metamorphosis • Most have moist, thin skin with no scales.

38. Feet lack claws and often are webbed. • Most use gills, lungs, and skin in respiration.

39. Eggs lack shells

40. Order Anura • “Tailless” • Frogs and toads • Found worldwide except in polar climates and a few isolated oceanic islands • Have a body adapted for jumping.

41. Frogs • Frogs have smooth, moist skin • Some forms have a sticky tongue that can be extended to catch prey. • In nearly all species, eggs are fertilized externally and turn into tadpoles.

43. Lungless Frog

44. Toads • Toads have rough, bumpy skin • Giant Cane Toad

45. Order Caudata • Salamanders-have elongated bodies, long tails, and moist skin • Japanese Salamander

46. Order Gymnophiona • Caecilian-Highly specialized group of legless amphibians that resemble small snakes • Caecilian

47. Amphibian Systems • The skin serves two important functions-respiration and protection • Amphibians have thin, moist skin to allow easier gas exchange. • Survivor Frog

48. Amphibian Systems • The amphibian heart has three chambers and pumps both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. • Frog Heart

49. Amphibian Systems • Cutaneous respiration-respiration through the skin • All adult amphibians are carnivorous, while larvae are herbivores • The kidneys are the primary excretory organs.

50. Amphibian Systems • Nictitating membrane-a thin, transparent moveable membrane that covers the eyes • Sounds are transmitted to the brain by the tympanic membrane