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Cost of Sensor Networks

Cost of Sensor Networks. Mesh Networking. Computing Power. Installation, Connection and Commissioning. Sensors. $. Time. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications (Zigbee). PERSONAL HEALTH CARE. BUILDING AUTOMATION. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS. security HVAC AMR lighting control access control.

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Cost of Sensor Networks

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  1. Cost of Sensor Networks Mesh Networking Computing Power Installation, Connection and Commissioning Sensors $ Time

  2. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications (Zigbee) PERSONAL HEALTH CARE BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control accesscontrol TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt mouse keyboard joystick RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

  3. Standards • IEEE 802.15.4 • Zigbee • TinyOS • ISA SP100 • HART

  4. Zigbee • Zigbee 1.0 ratified in 2004 • Great marketing tool, but… • Nothing interoperable yet • “Zigbee” products typically aren’t • Everything shipped to date is IEEE 802.15.4 + proprietary MAC • Lost industrial automation in 2005 • Losing building automation in 2006? • Fighting Zensys in home automation • Latest: Zigbee Pro • “The stack that works”  • Hot debate on frequency hopping

  5. University Demos – Results of 100 man-years of research Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.

  6. What went wrong? • Reliability • Power • Security • Cost • Size Academic: • Repeatability • Intractability • “It takes roughly 2.5 PhDs to get a new sensor network project to work. This has to change.” - Sam Madden, MIT

  7. Reliability • Understand the RF environment in the context of Murphy’s Law • Use redundancy • Time • Frequency • Space • Results: >99.9% end-to-end reliability in harsh environments

  8. Power 25 20 With software: 10 years  D cell 15 IRX (mA) 10 5 With software: 10 years  coin cell 100k Bit rate (bps) 300k 200k X cc2420 X cc1000 Cook 06 (300 mW) X Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X X Otis 05 (0.4mA)

  9. Security • AES 128 • Confidentiality • Integrity • Authenticity • Public Key Infrastructure • Certification • Key exchange

  10. System Cost, 2005 • Single-chip mote • Processor, memory • 2.4G radio (not 802.15.4) • Software?

  11. Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

  12. Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft • Expanded to 27 units, implemented 14 to start • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Gateway connected via Ethernet port in control room to process control network • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices GW

  13. ISA Expo Wireless HART DemoOctober 2006

  14. Emerson (Fully integrated + Battery powered) MACTek Yokogawa Siemens (Gateway + Mgmt) Siemens (Fully Integrated + Battery powered) ABB Honeywell Phoenix Contact Smar Endress+ Hauser Pepperl+ Fuchs Elpro Wireless HART Demo, ISA Expo 2006 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ SmartMesh XT

  15. Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users ConferenceOctober 2-5, 2006

  16. Next generation capabilities • Coming soon: • 32 bit ARM; 1MB flash; 64kB RAM • 2.4GHz RF, bps to Mbps, ~1nJ/bit • ~ ms synchronization across network • ~ 1 meter location accuracy • < 10mm2 • 1mA in-network average current consumption • Baby version • 32 bit ARM; 128kB Flash; 8kB RAM • Same RF, same power • 2mm2?

  17. Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) antenna uP SRAM Temp inductor Amp Radio ADC ~2 mm^2 ASIC crystal battery • Goals: • Standard CMOS • Low power • Minimal external components ~$1

  18. Single-chip 802.15.4 motes • Atmel • Chipcon (TI) • Ember • Freescale • Jennic • Oki • …

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