Language & the Mind LING240 Summer Session II 2005

1. Language & the MindLING240Summer Session II 2005 Lecture 5 Sounds

2. Sound Production

3. How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue Glottis (vocal folds) Lips, teeth etc.

4. How you look to a phonetician Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

5. T ‘thick’ D ‘the’ S ‘sh’ Z ‘azure’ tS ‘ch’ dZ ‘j’ N ‘thing’ / ‘uh-oh’

6. Forget Spelling! Sounds ≠ Spelling

7. One Sound - Many Characters he e seas ea believe ie amoeba oe Caesar ae key ey see ee machine i people eo seize ei Interantioanl Phonetic Alphabet: [i]

8. One Sound - Many Characters too oo threw ew to o lieu ieu clue ue shoe oe through ough IPA: [u]

9. One Character - Many Sounds dame e dad Q father a call ç village I, ´ many E

10. One Sound - Multiple Letters shoot S either D character k deal i Thomas t physics f roughf

11. One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Sounds mnemonic psychology resign ghost island whole debt cute [kjuwt]

12. Differences across Languages • English: judge, juvenile, Jesus [dZ] • Spanish: jugar, Jesus [h] • German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus [j] • French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon [Z]

14. Major division: consonants vs vowels • Consonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract. • Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).

15. Describing Speech Sounds • Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. • Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. • What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless

16. Where does the Air Flow?

17. Your vocal tractagain

18. Block it at the velum Where does the air go?

19. N Block it at the velum Where does the air go?

20. Tongue againstvelum again

21. Now raise the velumto block the air....

22. Now raise the velumto block the air....

23. Quickly drop yourtongue again ...

24. Quickly drop yourtongue again ...

25. Where does the airgo this time?

26. Where does the airgo this time?

27. gk Where does the airgo this time?

28. So far we have: Nasal stop: [N] Non-nasal (oral) stops: [g] [k]

29. Where can you stop the airstream?

30. Where can you stop the airstream? (bi)labial [b] [p] [m]

31. Where can you stop the airstream? labiodental [v] [f]

32. Where can you stop the airstream? interdental [D] [T]

33. Where can you stop the airstream? alveolar [d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]

34. Where can you stop the airstream? palatal [Z] [S°] [dZ] [tS]]

35. Where can you stop the airstream? velar [g] [k] [N]

36. Where can you stop the airstream? uvular

37. Where can you stop the airstream? laryngeal

38. Manner - How the Air is Flowing • Stops[p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g]... • Fricatives[f] [v] [T] [D] [s] [z] • Approximants/Glides[w] [j] • Liquids[r] [l]

39. Fricatives & Affricates • Palatal sounds [Z] [S] [dZ] [tS] • Palatal Fricatives - [Z] [S][note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’] • Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [dZ] [tS], as in judge, church

40. Voiced & Voiceless Consonants • Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs: bpvfdt zsDT

41. Describing Consonants • Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc. • Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. • What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless

42. Features • Ways of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stop • Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind • Atoms of Speech Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982

43. Features • Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds • Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world • Different languages choose different feature combinations

45. ? ? “Fuji” “Cuba” ?

46. “año” ? ?

47. “Bach” “agua” ? ? ?

48. “caballo” ? ?

50. Vowels