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PARADOX

PARADOX. by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen. A newspaper story under the headline “Texas in Catch-22” told about a Texas state law forbidding the execution of anyone insane. A prisoner on death row refused to take the medication that would keep him sane.

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PARADOX

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  1. PARADOX by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

  2. A newspaper story under the headline “Texas in Catch-22” told about a Texas state law forbidding the execution of anyone insane. • A prisoner on death row refused to take the medication that would keep him sane. • This is the kind of irony illustrated by many urban legends and contemporary novels, films, and plays.

  3. GILBERT AND SULLIVAN • Gilbert and Sullivan often relied on paradox for comic effect. In The Pirates of Penzance,they composed a song about paradoxes: How quaint the ways of paradox! At common sense she gaily mocks! A paradox, a paradox, A most ingenious paradox! Ha! ha! ha! ha!

  4. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS • The Greek philosophers often wrestled with paradoxes. • The most famous was credited to the Cretan philosopher Epimenides: “All Cretans are liars.” • Epimenides was a Cretan. Therefore, If he is lying, then the statement must be true. But if the statement is true, he must be lying.

  5. PARADOX VS. CONTRADICTION • Paradoxes are statements that seem contradictory, unbelievable, or absurd, but in some sense are nevertheless true. • Because paradoxes highlight breakdowns in our expectations of a logical universe, they are sources of both delight and consternation as the human mind works to figure out how people can in good faith talk about a “large mouse” running between the legs of a “small elephant” or can make sense out of the Yiddish curse, “He should drop dead, God forbid!”

  6. PARADOXES AND PARADIGM SHIFTS • Whenever a paradigm shift occurs in a culture there are many paradoxes, because two social systems are competing with each other (the old one and the new one). • The paradox can be part of both of these systems.

  7. SCIENCE FICTION • Paradoxes are explorations of philosophy, logic and social criticism. • They are a verbal means of acknowledging real world conditions and frustrations. • When put into “other” worlds (science fiction or fantasy), paradoxes can be even more intriguing.

  8. For example, the “grandfather paradox” in science fiction is a variation on the plot technique in which a time-traveler goes back and murders his own grandfather before the time-traveler’s parent was born. • This is a brain teaser because if the grandfather were prematurely killed then the grandchild couldn’t have been born and wouldn’t have been able to go back and commit the murder.

  9. SIGNIFICANT PARADOXES FROM THE 16TH CENTURY TO THE 20TH CENTURY • Sits he on ever so high a throne, a man still sits on his bottom. (Michel Elyquem de Montaigne, 1533-1592) • We have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another. (Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)

  10. I laugh, so that I may not cry. (Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, 1732-1799) • When a feller says, “It hain’t th’ money, but th’ principle o’ th’ thing,” it’s the money. (Josh Billings [pseudonym for Henry Wheeler Shaw], 1818-1885) • Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing. (Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900)

  11. The vital question today is not whether there will be life after death, but whether there was life before death. (Marshall McLuhan, 1911-1990) • When I grow up I want to be a little boy. (Joseph Heller, 1923-1999)

  12. Visual Paradox

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