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Lithium Batteries What are the Basics that I Should Know?

Lithium Batteries What are the Basics that I Should Know?. Flight Safety Foundation Business Aviation Safety Seminar Thomas Anthony USC Aviation Safety and Security Program. Types of Lithium Batteries Uses What makes Lithium Ion batteries different How constructed How they Fail

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Lithium Batteries What are the Basics that I Should Know?

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  1. Lithium Batteries What are the Basics that I Should Know? Flight Safety Foundation Business Aviation Safety Seminar Thomas Anthony USC Aviation Safety and Security Program

  2. Types of Lithium Batteries Uses What makes Lithium Ion batteries different How constructed How they Fail Hazards Associated with Failure Main causes of failure Overview

  3. Overview (continued) • Actions to take in case of failure • Standards, regulations and lessons learned • Statistics and cases

  4. Two types of Lithium Batteries • Lithium Metal Batteries • Non-rechargable, one use • Watches, flashlights , ELT’s, DFDR/CVR pingers • Lithium Ion Batteries • Rechargable • Cell phones, cameras, laptop computers, power tools, motorcycles

  5. Lithium Metal Batteries • Lithium primary • Can look similar to a non-lithium battery • Single unit (cells) • Generally smaller than lithium ion

  6. Lithium metal – non-rechargable

  7. Lithium Ion Batteries • Not a simple cell • Best called battery packs ( a battery is not a battery in the common usage) • Multi-component electrical device • Contains a micro-processor (onboard computer) • Numbers in existence • Start degrading immediately after manufacture, 2-3 years useful life, exceptions

  8. Lithium Ion • Prefer partial discharge • Complete discharge – ruined • Sensitive to heat

  9. Lithium Ion Battery Components

  10. What makes Lithium BatteriesDifferent? • Materials • Power • Difficulty of Manufacture • Handling Considerations

  11. Materials • Li-on pressurized, metal case • Vent for overpressure • Primary Lithium –lithium metal electrode • Lithium ion – Lithium Cobalt Oxide LiCoO2, also Lithium Iron Phosphate, Lithium Manganese Oxide • Li-ion Anode – carbon, graphite • Flammable electrolyte

  12. Power • Lithium ion stores 150 watt hours per 1 kg • NiMH Nickle Metal Hydride -100 watt hours per 1 kg • Lead Acid – 25 watt hours per 1 kg

  13. Difficulty of Manufacture • First discovered in 1970’s • 1979-1989 development around the world • 1991 Sony & Asahi Kasei introduces first commercial lithium ion • 2002-2004 MIT substantial improvements • 2011- li-ions were 66% of rechargeable market in Japan

  14. Handling Requirements • Tesla recall adds aluminum shielding to deflect road debris • Careful handing to prevent dropping and puncture especially as cargo • Sensitive to heat and cold, no charging below 0 Celsius. • Must ensure external electrodes do not connect

  15. How They Work • BASF Video

  16. How They Fail • Thermal run-away • Excessive discharge • Short circuit, usually internal short • Short circuit uncontrolled flow of electrons from one electrode to another • High pressure buildup

  17. How They Fail • Separator sheet keeps positive and negative electrodes apart -puncture • High energy discharge not moderated by internal regulator • Temperatures initiate adjacent cells • Venting • Flammable electrolyte • Fire, continued thermal run-away • Puncture to vent-fire could take seconds to hours

  18. Hazards • Fire • Smoke • High Temperatures • Explosion • Initiate adjacent cells

  19. Main Causes of Failure • Short circuits most common cause of fires • Puncture causing internal short circuit • Handling also common cause of failure • Incorrect charging • Substandard materials or substandard – counterfeit manufacture

  20. Actions to Take • IATA Guidance on Handling Dangerous Goods Incidents and Lithium Battery Fires in the Passenger Cabin May, 2012 • Lithium Batteries are classified as Dangerous Goods and regulated for transport by air. • UN 3090 Lithium metal • UN 3480 Lithium ion

  21. IATA Guidance • IATA’s DG regulation are IAW ICAO technical instruction • Crew members and pax are permitted to carry lithium battery powered equipment in checked and carryon baggage • Crew members and pax are permitted to carry spare batteries for those devices

  22. IATA Guidance • Spare batteries musts be carried in carry on baggage • To be permitted in crew and pax baggage: • Lithium metal batteries must not have more than 2 grams of lithium , not larger than AA • Lithium ion must not have watt-hour rating of more than 100 watt hours – typical laptop is 53 watt hours • Airlines may grant exceptions for up to 160 watt hours

  23. IATA Guidance • Spare batteries must be in carryon baggage and not more than 2 spares per person • Airlines should have clear procedures • A lithium battery fire should NOT be treated as a Class D fire.

  24. IATA Guidance – Fighting a Lithium Battery Fire • Remove external electrical power source • Extinguish the fire • Cool the remaining cells to prevent thermal runaway • Halon or Halon replacement and/or water extinguishers can be used to control the fire and prevent it spread to surrounding flammable material

  25. IATA Guidance- Fighting a Lithium Battery Fire • Follow extinguishment of the fire with immediate dousing with water and/or other non-flammable liquid from any available source to douse the fire • Monitor for re-occurrence and continue to pour liquids until cells cool • Examples: water, juice, coffee, tea, soft drinks

  26. IATA Guidance- Fighting a Lithium Battery Fire • Do not pick up or attempt to move a burning or smoking device • Do not use ice, this insulates • Notify the pilot in command • Notify authorities upon landing

  27. Video 2 • LAX Laptop Fire

  28. Video 3 • Li-ion battery burnout (4:56)

  29. Video 4 • Lithium Battery Fire by afisher 619

  30. Lessons Learned • Never disassemble a cell or battery pack • Avoid placing on hot surfaces • Use PPE when responding • Heat is the enemy, large amounts of water • Avoid batteries, flashlights, and other battery powered devices from countries and sources you are not 100% sure of

  31. None of the incidents involved consumer-type batteries in their retail packaging • Only use original equipment chargers • DHL will not accept defective or damaged cells (confirmed or suspected) • A hot cell is a red flag • Dropped cells or battery packs should be treated as a hot cell. • Smoke is a major hazard as well as fire and high temperatures

  32. Summary • Reduce number and size of lithium batteries on board • Protect from mishandling and puncture • Only charge with manufacturer equipment • Lithium ion battery packs composed of multiple cells • Thermal runaway

  33. Thermal runaway, pressure buildup, smoking • Explosion, venting of flammable electrolyte • Extinguish flames – Halon or water • Continue to cool with water to prevent thermal runaway to adjacent cells

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