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Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues

Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues. Todd Duffield, DVM, DVSc tduffiel@uoguelph.ca. Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues. What are the Issues ? How do we find them ? Do they matter ? What can we do about them ?. FOCUS ON ENERGY METABOLISM. What are the Major Transition Cow Issues?.

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Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues

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  1. Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues Todd Duffield, DVM, DVSc tduffiel@uoguelph.ca

  2. Monitoring for Transition Cow Issues • What are the Issues ? • How do we find them ? • Do they matter ? • What can we do about them ? FOCUS ON ENERGY METABOLISM

  3. What are the Major Transition Cow Issues?

  4. Goals • Calve without problems • Avoid disease • Make lots of milk • Get pregnant by 120 DIM • Impediments • RP • Dystocia • Metritis • Ketosis • DA • Mastitis • Rumen acidosis • Lameness • Endometritis • Anestrus • Insemination • Ways to gain insight into the success of the process • Clinical disease • Production • Measure DMI • BCS • Understanding cow experience • Feed access • Lying time • Housing design • NEFA, BHBA, etc Severity, timing, and duration of negative energy balance Cow environment Feed intake Hypocalcemia Immune function

  5. Time for transitions • Development of lactation in mammary gland ~ 3 weeks • Rumen microflora adaptation ~ 10 – 14 days • Altering metabolic set-point ~ 6 weeks (?) • Social adjustment to new group 2 d to 1 week

  6. Monitoring Transition Cow Issues • What are the Issues ? • How do we find them ?

  7. Disease Incidence 2006 NA Study (Carson, 2008)

  8. Problems with Clinical Disease? • Frequently Poorly Recorded • Disease Definitions not Standardized • “After the Fact” in an Ideal Monitoring Program • Probably LESS Sensitive than Metabolic “Subclinical” Tests

  9. Clinical ketosis treatment rate is a poor estimate of ketosis (Duffield et al 1998)

  10. What about Milk Components? • Subclinical Ketosis Associated with: • ↓ Milk protein % • ↑ Milk fat % At First DHI test postcalving But… • Best test is PFR ≤ 0.75 • Sensitivity: 58% • Specificity: 69% BOTTOMLINE: The test is CRAP.

  11. Summary of Herd Level Tests for Identifying High Risk Herds for SCK • Subclinical Ketosis in  20% of Herd at 1st of 2nd week postcalving • DA Incidence  5.0 % •  40% of Herd with Low PFR (< 0.75)[or approximately 0.70 in true protein system] • > 10 % of Herd Fat Precalving (BCS  4.0) REQUIRES EXTERNAL VALIDATION: Only based on 25 Herds in SW Ontario

  12. What about DMI? • Precalving DMI a good predictor of SCK postcalving. • U of G research: • < 12 kg DMI in last 3 weeks = 6X Increased Risk of SCK. • Problems • Getting it Measured • Demographics in Group • Heifers • Lot’s close to calving

  13. Frequency Distribution of DMI for 160 Holstein Cow and Heifers during Last 3 Weeks Precalving 1 S.D 16.5% lower Mean 50% lower Individual GOAL 2 S.D’s Group Target

  14. Typical patterns of DMI and NEFA Overton/Burhans, 2001

  15. Serum/Blood Metabolic TestsWhat Does Work? Focus of Talk • Energy Monitors in Transition Cows: • Precalving – NEFA • Postcalving – BHBA • Calcium status within a few days of calving • hypocalcemia • Haptoglobin • inflammation • DO NOT USE AVERAGES – looking for EXCEPTIONS –Therefore % above or below a cutpoint for group interpretation ↓ Ca, ↑ Culling risk but need more research Non-specific but associated with metritis, need more data

  16. The “Iceberg” Concept J.M. Gay

  17. Monitoring Transition Cow Issues • What are the Issues ? • How do we find them ? • Do they matter ? FOCUS ON ENERGY METABOLISM

  18. Investigating or Monitoring Energy Metabolism in Transition Cows • PreCalving - NEFA • PostCalving - Ketones

  19. Relationship between Precalving DMI and serum NEFA R2 = 0.29

  20. NEFA (mmol/L) n P-value OR 0.7 17 0.04 4.8 0.6 27 0.10 3.0 0.5 46 0.56 1.4 0.4 68 0.51 1.4 Prepartum NEFA cutpoints for predicting postpartum SCK Osborne, 2003

  21. Increased Pre-Partum NEFA Associated with: ↑ risk of LDA (Cameron et al, 1998; LeBlanc et al, 2005, Carson, 2008; Ospina et al, 2010) ↑ risk of RP and/or Metritis (Dyk, 1995; Carson, 2008; Quiroz-Rocha et al, 2009; Ospina et al, 2010) ↑ risk of ketosis (Osborne, 2003; Gooijer et al, 2004; Ospina et al, 2010) ↑ risk of early culling (Duffield et al, 2006) ↓ milk yield (Carson, 2008; Ospina et al, 2010) ↓ Pregnancy Risk (Ospina et al, 2010)

  22. Cow-Level Associations of Pre-calving NEFA (mmol/L) with Disease/Production Outcomes

  23. LeBlanc et al, 2005

  24. Precalving NEFA and Subsequent DHI Milk YieldCarson, 2008

  25. Investigating or Monitoring Energy Metabolism in Transition Cows • PreCalving - NEFA • PostCalving - Ketones

  26. Summary of Objective Serum BHBA Thresholds for Hyperketonaemia NOTES: 1. Minimum Threshold = 1000 umol/L BHBA 2. Effect Increases with increasing BHBA concentration. 3. Optimum Cutpoint1000 to 1400 umol/L BHBA

  27. When Do I Test? Weeks: 1, 2, +/- 3 Postcalving Frequency: every 1 to 2 weeks Who: ALL cows and 1st lactation heifers

  28. Cow-side tests for ketosis(relative to serum BHB ≥1400 µmol/L) Milk Keto-Test • 100 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 83% • Specificity = 82% • 200 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 54% • Specificity = 94% Oetzel, 2004 • Cost = $2/test • Powder lacks sensitivity The ONLY reliable milk ketone test

  29. Cow-side tests for ketosis(relative to serum BHB ≥1400 µmol/L) Milk Keto-Test • 100 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 83% • Specificity = 82% • 200 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 54% • Specificity = 94% Oetzel, 2004 • Cost = $2/test • Powder lacks sensitivity Urine Ketostix(read at 5 seconds) • “small” (15µmol/L) • Sensitivity = 79% • Specificity = 96% Carrier et al, 2004 • Cost = $0.25/test • Acetest tablet lacks specificity The ONLY reliable urine ketone test

  30. Cow-side tests for ketosis(relative to serum BHB ≥1400 µmol/L) Precision XTRA: - Highly Accurate test - Like having the Lab in your Hand! • Blood • Precision XTRA BHBA • Sensitivity = 87-93% • Specificity = 93-100% • Heuweiser,2007 • Oetzel, 2008 • Burke,2008 • Cost = $2/test Milk Keto-Test • 100 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 83% • Specificity = 82% • 200 µmol/L • Sensitivity = 54% • Specificity = 94% Oetzel, 2004 • Cost = $2/test • Powder lacks sensitivity Urine Ketostix(read at 5 seconds) • “small” (15µmol/L) • Sensitivity = 79% • Specificity = 96% Carrier et al, 2004 • Cost = $0.25/test • Acetest tablet lacks specificity

  31. How do you know where you are unless you look?

  32. 3 SD 2 SD 1 SD Goal Herd Monitoring Example – 100 Cow Freestall

  33. 3 SD 2 SD 1 SD Goal Herd Monitoring Example – 100 Cow Freestall 2 DA’s, 4 RP’s

  34. What Do I Do With the Data? Purpose of Data Gathering • Monitoring • Problem Investigation • Group Interpretation - HERD LEVEL • Identify/Dx problems and make changes prior to major losses • Proactive rather than Reactive (if monitoring) • Individual Interpretation- INDIVIDUAL LEVEL • Early treatment may ward off Clinical Disease Prevention Level of Interpretation Treatment

  35. Case Example 1A- Individual • 80 Milking Cows in a Tiestall • Owner starts a weekly Keto-Test monitoring program 1st week of September • Tests all cows 3 weeks fresh Tuesday mornings • Week 1: 0/6 • Week 2: 0/5 • Week 3: 1 / 4 • Owner calls because +ve Cow has a PING • I go – It’s an LDA • Farmer didn’t know she had a problem until he tested!

  36. Case Example 1B- Herd • 80 Milking Cows in a Tiestall • Owner starts a weekly Keto-Test monitoring program 1st week of September • Tests all cows 3 weeks fresh Tuesday mornings • Week 1: 0/6 • Week 2: 0/5 • Week 3: 1 / 4 • Week 4: 0/5 • Week 5: 1/6 • Week 6: 1/8 • Week 7: 7/10 Now What?

  37. Herd Example 1B • Change was Real • Testing was being done correctly • Of the 7 +ve: • 1 was 500 umol/L • 3 were 200 umol/L • 3 were 100 umol/L • CUD cows eating well • Changed to higher fiber, lower energy Baleage • All cases were > 11 DIM

  38. What’s Normal?

  39. Cutpoints Used for Herd-Level Analysis – based on 2006 study High Risk Herds Low Risk Herds High Risk Herds set at or above Median Herd Prevalence

  40. Validated* Herd-Alarm Levels(Ospina et al, 2010) • *Alarm levels associated with: • ↑risk of DA & CK, ↓Pregnancy Rate, and ↓Milk Yield at the Herd-Level

  41. Weekly prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis in Four Large New York Dairies Using Precision Xtra BHBA ≥ 1.3 mmol/L (13 mg/dL)

  42. Weekly prevalence of Subclinical Ketosis in Four Large New York Dairies

  43. Monitoring Transition Cow Issues • What are the Issues ? • How do we find them ? • Do they matter ? • What can we do about them ? FOCUS ON ENERGY METABOLISM

  44. Transition Cow IssuesKey Prevention Strategies • MONITOR • Need to Know Where You Are • Need to Detect Change

  45. Cutpoints Used for Herd-Level Analysis High Risk Herds Low Risk Herds High Risk Herds set at or above Median Herd Prevalence

  46. Variables Associated with High Risk Herds = “Social Stress”

  47. Relationship Between Mean Herd Precalving NEFA and Close-up Diet NDF R2 = 0.30 High NDF Limits Intake

  48. Relationship Between Mean Herd Precalving NEFA and Close-up Diet NDF R2 = 0.30 High NDF Limits Intake

  49. Transition Cow IssuesKey Prevention Strategies • MONITOR • MANAGEMENT

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