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I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep

I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan II. The Mongol Drive to the West III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep Tribe Divided into clans Temporary confederations Leaders elected.

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I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep

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  1. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis KhanII. The Mongol Drive to the WestIII. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

  2. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Mongol Culture • Nomadic pastoralists • Goats, sheep • Tribe • Divided into clans • Temporary confederations • Leaders elected

  3. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • Mongol Culture • Nomadic pastoralists • Goats, sheep • Tribe • Divided into clans • Temporary confederations • Leaders elected The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

  4. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • A. The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan • Kabul Khan • 1100s, defeats Qin forces • Grandson, Temujin • Chinggis Khan • Born Temujin • Develops alliances among Mongols • 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler) The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

  5. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • B. Building the Mongol War Machine • Mounted warriors • Tumens,10,000 troops • Messenger force • Adopted gunpowder, cannons • C. Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan • 1207, expedition • China • Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated • D. First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China • Kara Khitai defeated • Mongolian • Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated • Return to China • Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed • 1227, death of Chinggis Khan • Empire from Persia to North China Sea

  6. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • E. Life Under the Mongol Imperium • Harsh, tolerant • Chinggis Khan • Capital at karakorum • Shamanistic • Tolerated other religions • New administration • Commerce thrives

  7. I. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan • F. The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire • 1227, division of empire • Three sons, one grandson • Ogedei, third son • Elected great khan The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

  8. II. The Mongol Drive to the West • Golden Horde • Khan's tent • Russia in the 1200s • Many kingdoms • Mongols (Tartars) invade • Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan • 1236, begins conquest of Russia • 1240, Kiev taken and sacked • Novgorod spared • A. Russia in Bondage • Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde • Commerce benefits • Moscow thrives • Metropolitan head of Orthodox church • Leads Russian resistance to Mongol • Kulikova, 1380 • Golden Horde defeated

  9. II. The Mongol Drive to the West • B. Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe • Hungary, 1240 • Death of Ogedei • Batu retreats • C. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands • Hulegu • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Ilkhan • West to Mesopotamia, north Africa • 1258, Baghdad sacked • 1260, stopped by Baibars • Egyptian Mamluks

  10. III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • Ogedei renews attack on China • Kubilai Khan • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Attacks Song • 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty • Capital at Tatu (Beijing) • A. Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture • Mongol women retain liberties • Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influentialB. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence • Mongol patronage • Attracts scholars, artists • Religious toleration • Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims • Marco Polo • Visits court

  11. III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • C. Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance • Ethnic Chinese resist • Especially scholar-gentry • Kubilai • Protects peasant lands • Famine relief • Tax, labor burden lessened • D. The Fall of the House of Yuan • Death of Kubilai • Dynasty already weakened • Song revolt • 1274, 1280, Japan attacked • Failure • By 1350s, territory lost • Ju Yanzhang • Founds Ming dynasty

  12. III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History • E. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur • Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) • Turkish • Base at Samarkand • 1360s, conquests • Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia • 1405, death • Empire dissolves • End of steppe nomad conquests

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