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The Physical Causes of Relativity

The Physical Causes of Relativity. 1. Taking RELATIVITY back from Principles to Physical Processes by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany London 2008. The Physical Causes of Relativity. 2. Contents. Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? Special Relativity Origin of Mass General Relativity. ‘.

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The Physical Causes of Relativity

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  1. The Physical Causes of Relativity 1 Taking RELATIVITYback from Principles to Physical ProcessesbyAlbrecht Giese Hamburg, GermanyLondon 2008

  2. The Physical Causes of Relativity 2 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  3. The Physical Causes of Relativity 3 Question:How is “space” measured? Examples from geodesy: ‘

  4. The Physical Causes of Relativity 4 ‘

  5. The Physical Causes of Relativity 5

  6. The Physical Causes of Relativity 6 ‘

  7. The Physical Causes of Relativity Space 7

  8. The Physical Causes of Relativity 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ‘

  9. The Physical Causes of Relativity 9 Space & Time Space is nota physical object Space isa concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Space  Objects  Fields X ‘

  10. The Physical Causes of Relativity 10 Space & Time Time is nota physical object Time isa concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Time  Elementary oscillations X ‘

  11. The Physical Causes of Relativity 11 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  12. The Physical Causes of Relativity 12 The Elements of Special Relativity • Contraction • Dilation • Constancy of c • Increase of Mass • Energy-Mass Relation ‘

  13. The Physical Causes of Relativity 13 Special Relativity:History of the contraction Electric fields contract at motion 1888: O. Heaviside Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motionwhich explains the null-result of the experiment: 1892: H.A. Lorentz Sufficient to understand relativity? The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilationalso 1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike ‘ ‘

  14. The Physical Causes of Relativity 14 Special Relativity:History of the internal motion Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ 1908: J. Ziegler Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’frequency: 1924: L. de Broglie Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1928: P. Dirac Evaluation of the Dirac Function: 1930: E. Schrödinger c ‘ Zitterbewegung ‘

  15. The Physical Causes of Relativity 15 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle: (de Broglie1924) (Dirac / Schrödinger1928/30) (Spin, mag. moment) orbit (Momentum law) (Relativity) No conflict with the electron experiments ‘

  16. The Physical Causes of Relativity Pythagoras 2 2 2 = - q c v i.e. the Lorentz - Factor = p T 2 R c = p T ' 2 R q 2 T ' c v g = = = - 1 / 1 2 T q c v 16 Special Relativity:Dilation „Speed of proper time“ ‘

  17. The Physical Causes of Relativity d 2 T ' c v g = = = - 1 / 1 2 T q c 17 Special Relativity: Measuring ‘c’  v At rest: Measurement of d and T: d = fixed ; T = 2d/c measured cm = 2d/T = c Lab in motion with v: d = fixed Measurement of d and T: T = d/(c-v) + d/(c+v) = 2cd/(c2 - v2) = 2d/c * 2 measured cm = 2d’/T’ with d’ = d/ i.e. the Lorentz - Factor T’ = T* measured cm = 2d’/T’ = 2d/T/  2 = c* 2 / 2= c ‘

  18. The Physical Causes of Relativity 18 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  19. The Physical Causes of Relativity 19 The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ /rmass

  20. The Physical Causes of Relativity 20 Bind of the Basic Particles r F F r ‘ /rmass

  21. The Physical Causes of Relativity 21 The Mass Equation   universal for all elem. particles!  The classical magnetic moment: Radius R computed from the magnetic moment  and then inserted above  the correct mass m = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Or both equations combined: ‘ ‘ /rmass

  22. The Physical Causes of Relativity 22 Mass and Increase of Mass    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Relativistic increase of mass: From Putting the object to motion:  Spin: Classical angular momentum ‘ /rmass

  23. The Physical Causes of Relativity Higgs Boson Higgs Boson 23 The Origin of MassExisting Models Vacuum fluctuations Higgs Model Basic Particle Model ‘

  24. The Physical Causes of Relativity 24 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘

  25. The Physical Causes of Relativity 25 The Shapiro-Experiment: Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c c   c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction ‘ /gravity

  26. The Physical Causes of Relativity  26 The gravitational field of the sun: P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: Integrating deflection  from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec Now: Acceleration at rest!! This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! ‘ /gravity

  27. The Physical Causes of Relativity • Gravit.Source 27 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): • c • c No dependency of the mass! ‘ /gravity

  28. The Physical Causes of Relativity 28 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: ‘ Schwarzschild Solution /gravity

  29. The Physical Causes of Relativity 29 Results of General Relativity (Gravity) Schwarzschild Solution: • is the basis fortheproofs of General Relativity: • Perihelion Advance • Gravitational Lensing • … ‘ /gravity

  30. The Physical Causes of Relativity Riemann Geometry Field Equations 30 As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein ‘

  31. The Physical Causes of Relativity 31 The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: Schwarzschild Solution ‘ /gravity

  32. The Physical Causes of Relativity 32 What is Gravity? Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? ‘ www.ag-physics.org

  33. The Physical Causes of Relativity 33 Why is ‘c’ reduced? --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle c Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! Averagespeed < c Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass ‘ /gravity

  34. The Physical Causes of Relativity 34 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun Light Particles(Photons) Gravitational field of the ‘Core’ Core The density of the light particles: c The number of light particles up to r: Observer Gravitational field of photons at r: r ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  35. The Physical Causes of Relativity 35 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun per Distance Photons (“dark matter”) dominate Core dominates Sun surface 3 kpc ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  36. The Physical Causes of Relativity 36 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 halo (of dark matter) photons ‘ www.ag-physics.org

  37. The Physical Causes of Relativity 37 Summary What are the benefits of this model of gravity? The model can easily be understood The model explains:  The “only attracting” effect  The “Dark Matter” phenomenon The model maintains:  The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time The model avoids:  Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE  The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)  The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory) ‘ ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

  38. Basing Relativity on Physical Processes 38 The End ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity

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