Chinese Empires: Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties

2. Preview Starting Points Map: East Asia Main Idea / Reading Focus Sui and Tang Dynasties Faces of History: Wu Zhao The Song Dynasty Map: Tang and Song Dynasties Chinese Empires

3. Preview, continued Cultural Achievements Quick Facts: Innovations Prosperity and Society Chinese Empires

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5. Chinese Empires Main Idea The Sui dynasty reunified China, after which the Tang and Song dynasties produced an age of prosperity and achievement. • Reading Focus • How did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunify China? • How did the Song dynasty strengthen China? • What were some Tang and Song cultural achievements? • How was this period a time of prosperity and social change?

6. The Period of Disunion Civilization Thrived • Nomads invaded northern China, formed own kingdoms • Many northern Chinese fled south to region of Yangzi River • A number of southern dynasties rose, fell • Despite these events, Chinese civilization thrived, developed • Nomadic invaders in north adopted aspects of Chinese civilization • Northern Chinese immigrants’ culture blended with local cultures in south; arts, philosophy flowered Sui and Tang Dynasties The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 BC to AD 220—more than 400 years. After the dynasty collapsed, military leaders split China into rival kingdoms. These events began a period of disorder and warfare that historians call the Period of Disunion. The Period of Disunion lasted more than 350 years, ending when a northern ruler named Wendi reunified China, founding the Sui dynasty.

7. Grand Canal Centralized Government • Greatest accomplishment of Sui dynasty, completed during reign of Yangdi, Wendi’s son • 1,000 mile waterway linked northern, southern China • Yangdi forced millions of peasants to work on canal; led to discontent, rebellion • 618, Yangdi assassinated, Sui dynasty ended • Wendi worked to build centralized government • Restored order, created new legal code, reformed bureaucracy • Created policies to provide adult males with land, ensure availability of grain The Sui Dynasty

8. The Tang Dynasty • Period of Brilliance • Tang dynasty ruled 618 to 907; Chinese influence spread • China experienced period of brilliance, prosperity, cultural achievement • Government, other institutions served as models across East Asia • Built on Sui Foundations • Established capital at Chang’an, Sui capital • Second capital located at Luoyang • Government control remained centralized, based on bureaucracy of officials • Civil Service • To obtain talented officials, Tang expanded civil service examination system • People had to pass written exams to work for government • Created flexible law code; model for law codes in Korea, Japan

9. Foreign Affairs • Tang expanded China, Chinese influence • Regained western lands in Central Asia, gained influence over Korea • Contact with Japan increased; Japanese scholars came to China to study • Expansion, increased contact with others grew foreign trade • Expansion • Much of expansion occurred during reign of Taizong, 626 to 649 • Taizong relied on talented ministers to help govern • In addition to military conquests, Taizong had schools built to prepare students for civil service exams • After his death, one of his sons became emperor

10. New emperor was weak, sickly Emperor’s wife, Wu Zhao gained power Following death of husband Wu Zhao ruled through her sons Eventually became emperor herself—the only woman to do so in Chinese history Wu Zhao overthrown, 705 Dynasty reached height under Xuanzong During reign, 712 to 756, empire prospered Wu Zhao

12. The Age of Buddhism • From India • Buddhism first came to China from India during Han times • During Period of Disunion many Chinese turned to Buddhism • Taught people could escape suffering, appealed to people in turmoil • State Religion • Under Tang rule, Buddhism became state religion • Buddhist temples appeared across land, missionaries spread Buddhism • 400 to 845 in China, Age of Buddhism; ended when lost official favor • Tang Decline • 750s, decline began, government weak, nomadic invasions, rebellions • Military defeats lost Tang lands in Central Asia and the north • 907, emperor killed, Tang dynasty ended

13. Summarize How did the Sui and Tang dynasties unite and expand China? Answer(s): built centralized government; reformed laws and policies; built Grand Canal; Tang regained land in Central Asia and gained influence over neighboring states; increased contact with other peoples

14. Government and Civil Service After Tang Dynasty • Song established capital at Kaifeng, restored centralized government control • Enlarged government bureaucracy, reformed civil service examination system • Neo-Confucianism gained favor, emphasizing Confucian ethics, spiritual matters • China split apart after Tang dynasty • Did not reunify until 960 with Song dynasty • Song ruled for about 300 years, created achievement, prosperity • Under Song, Chinese civilization became most advanced in world The Song Dynasty

15. Civil Service Exams • Extremely difficult to pass; those who did became scholar-officials • Scholar-officials received good salary, were respected • Civil service exams became more open to ordinary people • Exams became pathway to gaining wealth, status • Southern Song • Song rulers never regained northern, western lands lost by Tang • Tried to buy peace with threatening nomads by sending lavish gifts • 1120s, nomadic people, Jurchen, conquered northern China, founded Jin empire • Song continued in south as Southern Song dynasty 150 more years

17. Compare How did the Song strengthen China’s government? Answer(s): established capital at Kaifeng and restored centralized government control, enlarged bureaucracy, reformed civil service exam

18. Literature and Art Painting Artisans • Tang period produced some of China’s greatest poets • Du Fu, Li Bo, two most famous • Poems of Confucian ideals, joys of life • Reached new heights • Wu Daozi, murals celebrating Buddhism, nature • Landscapes of great beauty • Some used only black ink • Exquisite objects made from clay • Tang: pottery figurines, often to go in tombs • Song: excelled at making porcelain • Admired, sought after worldwide Cultural Achievements The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great cultural achievement. Art and literature flourished, and many inventions and advances occurred in science and technology.

19. Inventions and Innovations • Architecture • Indian Buddhist temples influenced design of Chinese pagoda • Featured roofs at each floor curving upwards at corners • Inventions • During Tang, Song periods, China became a world leader in technology, science • Gunpowder major invention, used in fireworks, weapons • Magnetic Compass • Major Tang technical advance • Uses Earth’s magnetic field to show direction • Revolutionized sea travel, contributed to world exploration • Printing • Paper, ink invented earlier • Tang period, developed woodblock printing • Text carved into wood, coated with ink, pressed on paper

20. Moveable Type • Song dynasty invented another type of printing, moveable type • Uses blocks on which letters, characters carved • Blocks rearranged, reused to print many things • Faster than woodblock, spread to Europe, revolutionized printing • Paper Money • Another Song invention • Had used bulky metal disks placed on strings • As economy grew, lighter, more useful form of currency developed • Paper money light, easy to use, quickly spread in use in China

22. Identify Cause and Effect How did Chinese innovations affect world history? Answer(s): Gunpowder dramatically affected how wars were fought; the compass allowed for world navigation; printing innovations led to increased sharing of ideas.

23. Agriculture Trade • Chinese agriculture became more productive • New irrigation techniques • New variety of rice • Production of cotton, tea increased • Increased food production contributed to population growth • Tang population 60 million, Song population 100 million • Improvements in roads, canals increased trade within China • Foreign trade expanded, mostly over land routes like Silk Roads • Late Tang: advances in sailing, shipbuilding helped sea trade • Song: merchants became important in society; money, banking began to develop Prosperity and Society In addition to cultural achievements, the Tang and Song periods were a time of growth and prosperity.

24. Society Women • Power of aristocratic families declined during period • New class developed, gentry • Included scholar-officials, leading landowners • Most still peasants, farmers • Paid most of taxes, little schooling • Status of women declined, most visibly in upper classes • Desire for small, dainty feet led to custom of footbinding • Painful process to keep feet from growing, deformed feet over time • Symbol of husband’s authority City Life • As farming, trade grew so did China’s cities • China had largest cities in world at the time • Tang capital, Chang’an, population more than 1 million, many cultures • Song dynasty, several cities had million or more; sea trade caused port cities to boom • Despite urban growth, most Chinese still lived, farmed in countryside

25. Draw Conclusions How did footbinding reflect changes in attitudes toward women in China? Answer(s): became symbol of husband's authority over wife; women's status declined

26. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Mongols The Yuan Dynasty Map: Mongol Empire End of the Yuan Dynasty Faces of History: Kublai Khan The Mongol Empire

27. The Mongol Empire Main Idea The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded the Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to greater foreign contacts and trade. • Reading Focus • How did the nomadic Mongols build an empire? • How did China change under the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty? • Why did the Yuan dynasty decline and finally end?

28. Nomads from the Steppe Fierce Warriors • Vast steppes, grasslands, stretch across north-central Eurasia, home to nomadic peoples • Steppes too dry for farming • Nomads relied on herds of domesticated animals • Often traded; but also swept down on settlements, took what they wanted • Like Huns, Turks, the Mongols emerged as powerful nomadic people on Central Asian steppes • Herded sheep, goats • Skilled with horses • Accustomed to living in harsh environment, competing for scarce resources • Tough people, fierce warriors The Mongols In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history.

29. The Universal Ruler • Separate Clans • Mongols divided into separate clans, each led by a khan, chief • Khans rose to power through military skills, ability to lead • 1100s, Temujin, powerful khan, began to conquer rivals, unite Mongol clans • Genghis Khan • 1206, Temujin completed task, took name Genghis Khan, “Universal Ruler” • Set out to build empire, organized Mongols into powerful military machine • Strict discipline, demanded loyalty, rewarded those who pleased him • Campaign of Conquest • Mongol forces began bloody campaign of conquest; highly mobile armies • Employed brutality, psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitants • Sent agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without a fight

30. Khanates The Mongol Empire • Genghis Kahn’s empire divided into four khanates, heir ruled each region; new Great Khan ruled over whole empire • Grandsons resumed efforts to complete conquests of China, Korea, Persia • 1236, Golden Horde, or Tartars, began conquering Russia, Poland, Hungary • Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of Asia • Mongols learned art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights against Chinese, Turks • At Genghis Kahn’s death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of northern China, Central Asia • Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world conquest The Mongol Empire

31. Golden Horde stood ready to invade western Europe Grandson Batu learned of Great Kahn’s death, suddenly turned back India, Western Europe escaped Mongol wrath Most of Eurasia devastated Millions had died, entire cities annihilated The Golden Horde

32. The Mongol Peace • Mongols built empire with brutality, ruled peacefully • Tolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to Mongols • Some Mongols adopted aspects of more civilized cultures; Mongols in Central Asia, Persia, adopted Islam • Stability in Asia • Mongol Empire established peace, stability across Asia • Some historians call period Pax Mongolica, “Mongol Peace” • Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed trade to increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across Asia • Some believe Black Plague spread from Asia to Europe during period

33. Identify Supporting Details How were the Mongols able to build a vast empire across much of Eurasia? Answer(s): army was skilled and well organized, rules promoted loyalty and obedience; tactics involved brutality and psychological warfare; built fear in those they conquered

34. The Yuan Dynasty • Great Kahn • 1260, Kublai Khan became Great Kahn of Mongol Empire • Determined to complete conquest of China begun in 1235 • Southern Song • Mongols ruled northern China • Southern Song dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols • 1279, Song defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty • Kublai Kahn Rules China • As emperor, Kublai Khan tried to gain loyalty of Chinese subjects • Adopted Chinese practices, gave dynasty Chinese name • New Capital • Kublai Khan moved capital to near what is now Beijing • Built Chinese-style walled city, lavish palace, adopted Chinese court ceremonies

36. Kublai Khan Rules China • Mongol Identity • Kublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese emperor • But took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese culture • Mongols lived apart from Chinese, had little in common • Separation • Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese discouraged • Mongols forbidden to marry Chinese • Different laws, taxes for Chinese; could not own weapons, serve in military • Limited Power • Kublai Khan distrusted Chinese, limited power • Chinese officials served at local level, could not hold high government posts • Mongols invited foreigners to hold government office

37. Peace Foreign Trade • Mongols posted soldiers throughout China to keep peace • Feared rebellions, particularly in south where many Chinese remained loyal to Song dynasty • Foreign trade increased • Pax Mongolica made land travel safer for merchants • Sea trade improved; foreign merchants welcomed to China’s ports Taxes to Trade • Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxes • Large part of taxes supported public-works projects • Chinese laborers built new roads, extended Grand Canal • Improvements made shipping rice, other goods from southern China to northern China easier, more reliable

38. Marco Polo in China Accounts of China • Marco Polo, Italian trader visited Yuan court • Kublai Kahn sent Polo on several missions; traveled in, around China for 17 years • 1295, Polo imprisoned in Venice, recounted tales to fellow prisoner • Polo’s tales published as book • Book fascinated many Europeans • Polo described grand palace, with walls covered in silver, gold • Noted efficiency of postal system, use of paper money • Awed by size, splendor of cities Europeans to China As a result of Kublai Khan’s foreign trade policies, many merchants, travelers and missionaries came to China. Most were from Southwest Asia and India. However a few came from Europe as well. One of the most famous of these Europeans was Marco Polo. Some scholars question whether Polo reached China or just related stories he heard in his travels, but his tales increased interest in China.

39. Summarize How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for the Chinese? Answer(s): made the Chinese subordinate to the Mongols; limited their power

40. Japan Attacks Kamikaze • Kublai Khan had set sights on conquering Japan • Tried to invade Japan twice • Disastrous results each time • First attempt: 900 ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed fleet • Second attempt: Khan sent larger fleet, severe storm again wiped out fleet • After two fleets destroyed by storms, Mongols never attempted Japanese invasion • Japanese called storms that saved them kamikaze, “divine wind” End of the Yuan Dynasty The Yuan dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai Khan’s reign. One cause was a number of military defeats. All of his invasions into Southeast Asia failed, and Mongol armies suffered huge losses.

41. End of Dynasty Weaknesses • 1294, Kublai Khan died, power struggles erupted; Khan’s successors lacked talent for leadership • Floods, rising taxes further increased discontent • 1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols • Mongols fled to Manchuria, ending foreign rule in China • Huge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol forces that controlled, protected China • Large amounts spent on public-works projects weakened economy • Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of Mongols, left empire ripe for rebellion Military and Monetary Losses

43. Identify Cause and Effect What factors led to the end of the Yuan dynasty? Answer(s): military defeats and failed invasions; lack of good leadership; power struggles; Chinese discontent

44. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Early Japanese Civilization Map: Japan Foreign Influences on Japan The Heian Period Korea Map: Korea Japan and Korea

45. Japan and Korea Main Idea Geography and cultural borrowing from China shaped the early civilizations of Japan and Korea. • Reading Focus • What factors shaped early Japanese civilization? • How did foreign influences shape life in early Japan? • What characteristics defined Japan’s Heian period? • What were the main events in the history of early Korea?

46. The Land The Elements • The nation of Japan consists of some 3,000 islands • Largest four islands form an archipelago, large island chain • Chain extends more than 1,500 miles and lies on Ring of Fire—zone of volcanoes, earthquakes • Japan home to hundreds of volcanoes, many active • Experiences frequent earthquakes • Subject to tsunamis, huge waves from underwater earthquakes • Typhoons also strike late in summer, early autumn Early Japanese Civilization The Japanese call their country Nippon, meaning “Land of the Rising Sun.” Japan sits on the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, at what feels like the origin of the sunrise in the east. This location and the geography of Japan has shaped life there since the earliest times. Only a small part of Japan is suitable for farming. Most Japanese have always lived in the river valleys and coastal plains.

47. The Sea • Nearness of sea has also shaped development of Japan • People never far from sea, even on larger islands • Early Japanese turned to sea for food, transportation • Sea also protected, isolated Japan during much of history • Separated from Neighbors • Japan separated from Korea by 100 miles of water, from China by 400 miles of water—large enough distances to prevent invasions • Only successful invasion of Japan occurred in World War II • Early Japanese developed own culture in relative isolation • China, Korea close enough to influence Japan’s culture later in time

48. Early Japan • Migration • Scientists think first people to settle in Japan migrated from Asian mainland • Early people hunters, gatherers; developed societies with distinct cultures • Oldest known Japanese culture, Ainu • Ainu • Ainu’s origin unknown, did not resemble other East Asians • More people migrated to Japan, Ainu driven onto northernmost island • Culture almost disappeared • Clans • People on islands south of Ainu became the Japanese • Clans developed, came to rule many villages • Each clan worshipped nature spirits, kami, believed to be their ancestors

49. Religious beliefs developed into Shinto religion Shinto, “way of the kami” Shinto religion: Everything in nature has a kami No sacred text, formal structure Shrines: Built to kami, ceremonies performed there Located in natural settings; red gateway, torii, marks entrance Shinto Religion

50. Emperors Powerful Clan • In time Japan’s emperors claimed to be living gods • Other clans eventually gained power over the Yamato • Did not remove Yamato emperor, but controlled him • As result, emperor often had no real authority, served as figurehead; this political system continued until 1900s • Amaterasu, the sun goddess, was one of most revered kami • First Japanese emperor said to be grandson of sun goddess • Emperor member of Yamato clan, which lived in rich farming region on island of Honshu • Did not control all Japan, but Yamato chiefs began to call themselves emperors of Japan The Yamato Clan