Pollination Biology or Ecology

1. Pollination Biology or Ecology Including examples from local flora and David Attenborough’s Private Life of Plants

2. Abiotic Pollination • uses a nonliving vector • Usually considered to be a metabolically wasteful process Two types: • Anemophily- “wind lover”= wind pollination 2. Hydrophily- “water lover” = water pollination

3. Anemophily -major type of abiotic pollination Usual Floral Morphology -incomplete flowers that often lack perianth -color and scent lacking -flowers in inflorescences elevated above the vegetation -flowers often open before leaves are produced -large quantities of smooth, dry pollen produced

4. Anemophily is common in many families: Poaceae Page 1223 of SMIFNCT -inflorescence-spike or panicle, spikelet, glumes, floret, lemma, and palea

6. Pg 78 and 81 SMIFNCT -color photographs showing grass stamens with two florets in spikelets arranged in spike-like branches

9. Trees with catkins illustrated in SMIFNCT: Fagaceae Pg. 721 monoecious Juglandaceae Pg. 751 monoecious Salicaceae Pg 981 dioecious

10. Hydrophily -rarer type of abiotic pollination Usual Floral Morphology:

11. Example of Families with Hydrophily Ceratophyllaceae (Coon-tail) Pg 529-530 SMIFNCT -mostly asexually reproduces by fragmentation -during sexual reproduction, anthers break off and float to surface releasing pollen that sinks to the female flowers that grow under the water -rare pollination in one of the most primitive groups magnoliophytes

12. Ceratophyllum demersum with underwater female flowers. Photo from Plants of the Coastal Bend by Roy Lehman, Ruth O’Brien, and Tammy White

13. Example of Families with Hydrophily Hydrocharitaceae (Waterweed) Pgs 1166- 1172 SMIFNCT Vallisnera (ribbonweed) or Egeria (Elodea is used as common name but is actually genus name of another plant that does not occur in Texas) -common aquarium plants introduced into streams and lakes of Cross Timbers. Vallisnera is native in some E and SE Texas waters -Female flowers float on surface and male flowers break off at surface (great fish food) and float to female. Once pollinated long peduncles recoil pulling flowers underwater to form fruits

14. Egeria densa http://plants.usda.gov/

15. Biotic Pollination -Co-evolution between plant and animal based on mutual benefit (mutualism) or where the plant benefits and animal is harmed (parasitism or deceit pollination) Mutualistic relationships based on three major rewards to animals:

16. Invertebrate Pollinators -Flies (Dipterophily) Hover Flies Usual Floral Morphology: Long tubular flowers with corolla marked as a guide for fly’s siphoning mouthparts on Private Life of Plants video Carrion Flies (Sapromyophily) “flies that are decay lovers” Usual Floral Morphology:

17. Examples of Sapromyophiles Deadhorse Arum Araceae Pg 1090 SMIFNCT -deceit pollination with spathe and spadix that attracted carrion flies in gull rookeries in Mediterranean on Private Life of Plants video Stapelia Asclepiadaceae Pg 274 SMIFNCT -deceit pollination as attract carrion flies that remove pollinia from corona of large purple flowers that smell like decaying protein

18. Examples of Sapromyophiles Aristolochia Aristolochiaceae Pg 272 SMIFNCT -deceit pollination with bilateral perianth with hairy opening and odors that mimics a corpse

21. Example of a saprophile “decay lover” Titan Arum on Private Life of Plants video -has sapromyophilic floral morphology and deceit pollination but attracts sweat bees and dung beetles instead flies -has a spathe and spadix and is the world’s largest unbranched inflorescence (3 meters tall and one meter wide) -produces a dead fish odor -large inflorescence to distribute odor across isolated islands of Sumatra (south of Thailand in Indian Ocean)

22. Invertebrate Pollinators -Beetles (Coleopterophily) Usual Floral Morphology:

23. Examples of plant families with Coleopterophily Magnoliaceae Magnolia -radial symmetry with many free parts and lots pollen -mutualism

25. Examples of plant families with Coleopterophily Some species in Nymphaceae Nymphaea Pgs. 101, 842-845 SMIFNCT -mutualistic

27. Examples of plant families with Coleopterophily Papaveraceae Pgs. 872-877 SMIFNCT Argemone (prickly poppy) -mutualistic

28. Invertebrate Pollinators -Bees and Wasps (Hymenopterophily) Bee Pollination (Melittophily = “bee lover”) -20,000 different species of bee pollinators Usual Floral Morphology: -some with spurs to hold nectar and oil (oil collecting bee with hairy legs that pollinates wild snapdragon in South Africa on Private Life of Plants video)

29. Examples of Melittophily Scrophulariaceae Penstemon including P. cobaea Pgs. 102, 1006-1007 SMIFNCT -sterile stamen that is pubescent called a staminode gives them their common name beardtongue -bilabiate with staminode acting like a “tail hook” for bees -white to lavender-blue corolla with purple and UV nectar guides -mutualistic

31. Examples of Melittophily Fabaceae Lupinus texensis bluebonnetSMIFNCT Pgs. 97, 671-673 -blue papillonaceous flowers -mutualistic Acacia farnesiana huisacheSMIFNCT Pgs. 624, 627 -small regular flowers in a head with 20-40 yellow stamens per flower -bees use stamens as a tailhook and use buzz pollination to Remove pollen from stamens like the bees did with South African gentian on Private Life of Plants video -mutualistic

32. Examples of Melittophily Orchidaceae Calopogon tuberosus Pgs. 1214,1217 SMIFNCT -Thien & Marcks (Canadian Journal of Botany1972) found that the brush of hairs on the lip apparently serves as a "pseudopollen" lure, attracting naive, recently emerged bumblebees. The bees, expecting a reward of nectar and/or pollen, land on the hairs. At this point, the hinged labellum swings down under the weight of the bee and positions the bee on the column, where pollinia can be placed on its back. If the bee already carries pollinia, it will contact the stigma and thus pollinate the plant. -deceit pollination or parasitism

34. Examples of Melittophily Orchidaceae Private Life of Plants video South African orchids offer inedible oil that bees use to make phermones that attract female bees. Each species of bee has its own species of orchid that it uses to make its own “brand” of perfume. In the process of gathering oil, pollinia are attached for cross pollination. -mutualism European bee mimic orchids use mimicry and deceit pollination. Flowers are bilateral, hairy, and colored and smell like a female bee. When they try and mate with the flower pollinia are attached for cross pollination. -deceit pollination or parasitism

35. Invertebrate Pollinators -Bees and Wasps (Hymenopterophily) Wasps Floral morphology is highly variable. Examples from Private Life of Plants video from Australia Ficus sps. (figs) Pgs. 829-830 SMIFNCT -flowers enclosed in inflorescence have eggs that hatch and males mate with females and die. Females leave inflorescence and lay eggs in another inflorescence insuring cross pollination -mutualism Hammer orchids mimic female wingless wasps. As male tries to fly away and mate with bilateral, hairy mimic, pollinia are attached -deceit pollination or parasitism

36. Invertebrate Pollinators -Butterflies and Moths (Lepidopterophily) Floral Morphologies: ButterflyMoth

37. Examples of butterfly pollinated plants Justicia Pgs 213, 215 SMIFNCT -mutualism Mountain Pride Butterfly from South Africa on Private Lives of Plants video pollinates tubular red flowers of : Crassulaceae- Crassula with red tubular flower on video Iridaceae- Gladiolus with red tubular flower on video Orchidaceae- Red orchid at base of waterfall that attached pollinia onto butterfly -all mutualistic

40. Examples of moth pollinated plants Liliaceae (Agavaceae on pgs. 108, 1082-1085 SMIFNCT) Yucca -carries balls of pollen from one plant to another and cross-pollinates flowers. Lays eggs in one locule of ovary and larvae consume seeds that develop there. Other 2/3s of seeds are dispersed. -mutualistic

43. Examples of moth pollinated plants Onagraceae Oenothera Pgs. 101, 862-865 SMIFNCT -mutualism Solanaceae Datura Pgs. 87, 1018-1021 SMIFNCT -mutualism

44. Vertebrate Pollinators -rarer than invertebrates -mainly birds and bats -in Private Life of Plants video, mice pollinate downward growing flowers of African Protea and lemurs with long tongues and hands pollinate stout, tubular flowers of Madagascar Traveler’s Palm -in New Zealand flowering plants, because there are no native mammals except bats, reptiles, such as geckos serve as pollinators

45. Vertebrate Pollinators Birds (Ornithophily) Usual Floral Morphology:

46. Examples of Ornithophily Scrophulariaceae Penstemon red beardtongue of Southwest USA -mutualism with hummingbirds

47. Examples of Ornithophily Fabaceae Erythrina coral bean Pg. 89, 658-659 -mutualism with hummingbirds

50. Examples of Ornithophily Ranunculaceae Aquilegia red columbine Pgs. 78, 918-920 -mutualism with hummingbirds