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A Brief History of SQL and Database Management Systems (DBMS)

This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Structured Query Language (SQL). It covers the early hierarchical and network database structures, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. The chapter then discusses the advent of relational DBMS in the 1970s, influenced by relational algebra and set theory, leading to the development of SQL. The evolution of SQL and its various implementations across major vendors like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft is explored, showcasing the complexities and variations in standards and practices.

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A Brief History of SQL and Database Management Systems (DBMS)

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  1. Chapter 3Concise History of SQL IFS180.81 Intro. to Data Management

  2. History of DBMS • Hierarchical Database Structure • Where structure is formed by data groups, subgroups, and further subgroups • Strength – capturing and storing transactional data • Major weakness – difficult for ad-hoc or on-demand queries

  3. History of DBMS DEPT # Dept Name Reports To Manager Budget Emp # Emp Name Dept # Sex Salary Grade Job# Job Description Child Name Age Sex Job Date Title Salary Date Salary System / Program had to navigate forward / backward thru branches

  4. History of DBMS • Network Database Structure • Developed to allow retrieval of specific records • Utilizes a system of ‘Pointers’ (RRN’s) • No longer had to follow branches • Major weakness – maintenance of Pointers

  5. History of DBMS Extremely Fast for Querying Data, Slow for TPS 1 2 3 4 5

  6. History of DBMS • Relational DBMS – 1970 Codd & Date • Based Upon relational algebra and Set Theory from 1800’s. • Sets of object are considered as a whole • Relational algebra (simplest form) are truth tables. And / Or / Nor • Fast ad-hoc queries and TP

  7. History of SQL • English like Query Language was developed to manipulate data in RDBMS (structured query language) • Relational Software (aka Oracle) • Cal Berkley (INGRES) • IBM (DB/2)

  8. History of SQL • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) SQL Standard:

  9. History of SQL • Even though SQL is a standard, all major vendors have their version • Oracle = PL/SQL • IBM = SQL PL • Microsoft = Transact SQL

  10. History of SQL • Why so many versions of SQL Implementations? • Size / Complexity of ANSI Standard • Missing components from STD (Indexing) • Ambiguity of standard • Backwards compatibility • Need to be careful and know what vendor you are working with

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