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Introduction to Linux

Introduction to Linux. Tux the penguin, mascot of Linux. Introduction to Linux. 1-History. 2-Is Linux difficult?. 3-Properties of Linux. 4-Linux and GNU. 5-Open Source. 6-Unix system Architecture. 7-Which distribution of Linux. 8-Setup Linux for scientific purpose.

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Introduction to Linux

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  1. Introduction to Linux Tux the penguin, mascot of Linux

  2. Introduction to Linux 1-History 2-Is Linux difficult? 3-Properties of Linux 4-Linux and GNU 5-Open Source 6-Unix system Architecture 7-Which distribution of Linux 8-Setup Linux for scientific purpose start with Linux (tutorial session)

  3. History UNIX Travel back in time, about 30 years ago ... in those days, every computer had a different operating system In 1969, a team of developers in Bell Labs laboratories started working on this problem They developed a new OS (UNIX) : 1-Simple and elegant 2- Writting in the C programming language instead of in assembly code 3-Able to recycle code (for recycling: change only kernel)

  4. UNIX and Linux Linus Torvalds, a young man studying computer science at the university of Helsinki, thought it would be a good idea to have some sort of freely available academic version of UNIX, and promptly started to code. Linux history July 1991: Linus Benedict Torvalds from Helsinki starts his hobby : Linux October 1991: version 0.02 2004 : version 2.2 today : look at www.kernel.org current application of Linux systems modern Linux : workstation-gadets like mobiles

  5. Is Linux difficult ? Linux is an ideal operating system for programmers (Everything a good programmers can wish for is available : compilers, libraries,... Linux for non-experienced users Linux distributions like as windows: RedHat, SuSE, Mandrake,..., Scientific Linux(Fermilab,CERN) KDE : (http://kde.org) Beautiful desktop : Gnome(http://www.gnome.org) office : openoffice ( www.openoffice.org) web browser : mozilla (www.mozilla.org)

  6. Properties of Linux Linux advantages 1-Linux is free 2-The Linux OS and quite some linux applications have very short debug-time 3-Open sources 4-Flexibility(especial for HPC) Linux disadvantages 1-There are far too many different distributions 2-Linux is not very user friendly and confusing for beginners 3-Is an open Source product trustworthy?

  7. Linux and GNU The GNU project was lunched in 1984 to develop a complete UNIX style operating system which is free software (GNU: Gnu's Not UNIX) Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the Kernel Linux, are often referred to as “Linux”, they are more accurately called GNU/ Linux systems A list of common GNU software : Bash: The GNU Shell GCC : The GNU C Compiler Gnome: the GNU desktop environment Emacs : a very powerful editor The Gimp : GNU Image Manipulation Program

  8. Open Source Closed source means: Open Source means user can see binary and source user encouraged to read and understand source code user can debug and recompile source ... User is only given binaries user cannot read source user cannot recompile code ...

  9. UNIX system Architecture ------------------------------------- hardware ------------------------------------- kernel ------------------------------------- shell+ X windows ------------------------------------- application Programs can access to hardware via the kernel

  10. Which distribution of Linux The amount of linux distributions can be frightening, or ridiculous Don't worry too much about that : all releases contains more or less the same set of basic packages Suggestions: Fedora Core RedHat SuSE Mandrake Scientific Linux (keep it in your mind for the future) Ubuntu Distribution Watch Linux: http://distrowatch.com/

  11. Setup Linux for scientific purpose

  12. Start with Linux Graphical mode Login Text mode Don't log in as root <CTRL> <ALT> <F1> from graphics to text <CTRL> <ALT> <F7> from text to graphics prompt [alaei@node65 tutor]$ name of machine username

  13. Basics 1-commands $ command options argument(s) - -- the object on which you want the command to take effect [alaei@node65 ~]$ ls -a [alaei@node65 ~]$ ls --all (long options)

  14. 2-directories directories are separated using forward slashes. [alaei@node65 ~]$ cd linux/ 3-some techniques commands Tab directories Tab Tab Ctrl+A: Move cursor to the beginning of the command line Ctrl+C : End a runing program and return the prompt Ctrl+D: Log out of the current shell session, equal to typing exit or logout Alt+F2 , Alt+F1

  15. Getting help 1-The man pages Browse to the next using the space bar, Go back to previous page using the B-key, Type q to leave structure of man pages NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OPTIONS . . SEE ALSO AUTHOR

  16. 2-info pages These usually contain more recent information and are somewhat easier to use 3-The whatis command A short index of explanations for commands 4- The apropos command Search the whatis database for strings 5- The –help option Most GNU commands support the --help

  17. Graphical help Type konqueror ( the defult KDE file manager ) use konqueror as help browser in location bar man : cat Type gnome-help ( lifeguard icon )

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