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英语科技论文 语法和修辞(表达)概要

from : The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors, 1 st edition(1986), 2 nd edition(1997). 英语科技论文 语法和修辞(表达)概要. Email: liuzh@ciac.jl.cn Tel: 0431-85262284. 1 什么是 dangling modifiers (垂悬修饰)? dangling phrases (垂悬短语) 2 如何对英语句子进行扩展? 3 在什么情况下使 which 与先行词分离?. 一点说明

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英语科技论文 语法和修辞(表达)概要

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  1. from: The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors,1st edition(1986), 2nd edition(1997) 英语科技论文 语法和修辞(表达)概要

  2. Email: liuzh@ciac.jl.cn Tel: 0431-85262284

  3. 1 什么是dangling modifiers(垂悬修饰)? dangling phrases (垂悬短语) 2 如何对英语句子进行扩展? 3 在什么情况下使which与先行词分离?

  4. 一点说明 不同来源的资料,说法不完全相同 《气象科技》英文编辑曾晓梅:“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法,不同国家的英文,差异也很大。

  5. 我在《中国科技期刊研究》上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书(已列作该文的参考文献),我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上,一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在,我在改稿时的做法是,在两者均有根据(或范例)时,一般来说不改,除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*” * 指主谓一致。

  6. 第1部分 几个语法问题 • 科技英语写作语法错误举例 第2部分 修辞与表达 • 英语写作表达的几个问题

  7. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information 3rd Edition . edited by Anne Coghill and Lorrin Garson, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006

  8. 平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法 市原 英语论文的写作方法 孙娴柔 实用英语科技论文写作 周春晖 科技英语写作 冯志杰 汉英科技翻译指要 任胜利 英语科技论文撰写与投稿 英文现刊以及英文学术专著

  9. 第1部分 几个语法问题

  10. 科技英语写作语法错误举例 1   Subject-Verb Agreements • Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses • Dangling Modifiers(垂悬修饰语) 4   Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs

  11. 1       Subject-Verb Agreements (1)在主语中含并列连词“and”时,应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者,谓语动词为单数形式,若属后者,谓语动词则为复数形式。 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described. [说明] The subject is “application”, which is singular. Application of this technique to … is described.

  12. 例2 Description of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation is made in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为description, the experimental conditions and the results是并列的,与of 构成介词短语作定语,故谓语动词用“is made”。

  13. 例3 The experimental condition and the result of the present investigation are described in detail in this paper. 还是 is described in detail in this paper.

  14. 例3 The experimental condition and the result of the present investigation are described in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为the experimental condition and the result, 为并列主语,故谓语用are described.

  15. Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described • → Growth and isolation of M13 virus were • described.

  16. Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例5 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例6 Research and developmentis attracting a growing number of young scientists. R&D department

  17. (2) However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the number of the closest subject. 例7 Application or useswere noted. Uses or applicationwas noted. 例8 The appropriate metal ion concentration or the rate constantswere used. The rate constants or appropriate metal ion concentrationwas used.

  18. 当两个以上主语以 or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also 等组句时,谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。 例9 Either ethylene chlorohydrin or bromohydrinis treated with strong alkali to give ethylene oxide (与 bromohydrin 一致).

  19. 例10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point, where neither chloride nor silver ionsare in excess.(与ions一致) 例11 Not only CS2 but also CuSO4 and AgClwere purified before the use (与CuSO4 and AgCl一致)

  20. 在“there is”,“there are”句型中,主语为复合主语时,谓语动词与靠近的主语一致 例12 There wasa professor and several students in the library. There wereseveral students and a professor in the library.

  21. (3)Collective nouns take a singular verb when the group as a whole is meant; in that case they are often preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group

  22. 例13 The seriesis arranged in order of decreasing size. [说明] Refers to the series as a unit. 例14 A series of compounds were tested. [说明] Refers to each compound.

  23. 例15 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.) A number of metal amides weresynthesized. (Refers to each amide.) 例16 The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.)

  24. 例17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn=500-700) hasbeen prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O. → A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn=500-700) heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.

  25. an average of + 数词(意思为平均数量有…之多)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式 An average of 100 kinds of reagents were in regular supply from the company each year.

  26. the average of + 数词[意思为平均数(值)…]作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。 The average of a series of valuesis obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the number of values. (= The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.)

  27. (4) “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例18 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. [说明] Refers to the data as individual results. 例19 After the data aredistributed, we can meet to discuss them. → After the data isdistributed, we can meet to discuss it. [说明] Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.

  28. (5)Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb. 例20 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent wereadded. → The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent was added.

  29. 例21 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution. → Five grams of NaCLwas added to the solution.

  30. 例22 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment. → Three weeksis needed to complete the experiment.

  31. 例23 None of the samples wassoluble. →None of the samples were soluble. [说明] Refers to individuals. 例24 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities. → This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. [说明] Refers to the group as a unit.

  32. (6)某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词,这样的词(如analyses, bacteria, criteria, formulae, phenomena, spectra,data等)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 例25 Extensive data on the thermodynamical properties of the elements are available. 例26 The IR absorption spectraprovide significant information regarding functional groups.

  33. (7)Nouns ending in ics and denoting a scientific discipline are usually singular. dynamics mechanics kinetics physics mathematics thermodynamics Mechanics involves the application of Newton’s three laws of motion. The kinetics of electron transfer to and from photogenerated radicals was examined by laser flash photolysis. The thermodynamics is governed by the positions of the valence and conduction bands.

  34. (8)Compound subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs. 例27 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.

  35. Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural. 例28 Each student and all of the professors were invited.

  36. (9)Sometimes, one of these words is implicit; such cases take a singular verb. 例29 Each name and address is entered into the database.

  37. (10)Indefinite pronouns themselves (or adjectives combined with the indefinite pronoun “one”) can be the subject of the sentence. • Those that take a singular verb are “each”, “either”, “neither”, “no one”, “every one”, “anyone”, “someone”, “everyone”, “anybody”, “somebody”, and “ everybody”.

  38. 例 30 Eachwas evaluated for its effect on metabolism. 例 31 Neitherdisrupts the cell membrane. 例 32 Regarding compounds 1-10, every one reacts with the control agent. 例 33 Someonemeasures the volume every day.

  39. •Those that take a plural verb are “several”, “few”, “both”, “’and “many”. 例34Severalwere evaluated for their effects on metabolism. 例35Fewdisrupt the cell membrane. 例36Regarding compounds 1 and 2, both react with the control agent. 例37Manywere chosen to be part of the study.

  40. •Those that take either a singular or plural verb, depending on context, are “some”, “any”, “none”, “all”, and “most”. The number of the object of the preposition determines the number of the indefinite pronoun related to it. 例38Some of the moneywas stolen. 例39 Some of the bookswere lost. 例40Not all the disksare here; somewere lost.

  41. (11)When a fraction is the subject of the sentence, the number of the attendant object of the preposition determines the number of the subject. 例41One‐third of the precipitatewas dissolved. 例42 One‐fourth of the electronsare excited. 例43The remainder of the compounds are yet to be described.

  42. (12)Most of (plenty of , a lot of)+ 复数名词 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式; Most of (plenty of , a lot of)+ 不可数名词 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式 Most of the better-known organic solventsare all suitable for these tests. There isplenty of distilled water in the bottle.(其中的 water是不可数名词。)

  43. There areplenty of test tubes on test table. There isplenty of food. There areplenty of apples. Is there a lot of support for the idea? There area lot of tourists here.

  44. (13)When a subject and its predicative disagree in number, the verb takes the number of the subject. 例44 The preparation and structuredetermination of these three compounds are the topic of paper. 例45The topic of this paper is the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.

  45. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句,则该从句对句子的含义是必须的,如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”(而非“which”)引出限制性从句。 When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”.

  46. 例46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. → It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.

  47. A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it adds information but is not essential ; that is, the sentence does not lose its meaning if the phrase or clause is deleted. Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off by commas. 如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息,但并非根本性的,则为非限制性短语或从句,即如删去这类短语或从句,句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。

  48. 例47 The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.

  49. 例48Melvin Calvin, who won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis. 例49 Here, the Total signal,which is the analog of standard DSC, makes it very hard to find the polymer Tg.

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