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1. WEED FLORA AND WEED DISTRIBUTION IN RICE ECOSYSTEM Next End Previous

2. Transplanted rice It is the traditional method of cultivating rice is flooding condition in which the young seedlings are transplanted from the nursery. The predominant weed in the transplanted rice field • Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chloris barbata among the grasses and among the dicot weeds, Alternanthra pungens, Portulaca oleraceae, Eclipta alba and Tridax procumbens were the predominant broad leaved weeds. Previous Next End

3. It is annual grass grows commonly in waterlogged conditions belonging to the family Gramineae. It is also called as jungle rice and in tamil it is called as varnampul. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. It grows up to a height of 60 cm. Leaf-blade 7.5 to 15 cm long, often blotched with purple or almost black cross bands ligule 0,2-5(9) cm. Inflorescence linear. Spiklelets ovoid-ellipsoid, to 2mm with fruit caryopsis. It is propagated by means of seeds. It is an excellent fodder Previous Next End

4. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. It is an annual grass belonging to the family Gramineae. It is a mimic of rice. It grows upto 37cm height with no ligule.Inflorescence an erect panicle with fruit ovate a elliptic grain. It propagate by means of seeds. Previous Next End

5. Eclipta prostrata L. (Syn. Eclipta alba Hassk.) It is an annual broad leaved weed also called as Karasaranganm in the family Asteraceae. It is diffusely branched stem is round and fleshy with strigose hairs Leaves opposite, sessile, linear and strigose.. Flower head is small, axillary and terminal. Fruit is Achenes. Propagate by means of seeds Previous Next End

6. Fimbristylis milliacea (L.) Vahl. Belongs to Cyperaceae family. It is erect annual sedge, with stem caespitoe to 30 cm ligule absent. Inflorescence is compound and the fruit is nut obovoid. Propagation by means of seed. It is common in wet land ecosystem Previous Next End

7. Marsilea quadrifolia L. (Pteridophyta) The water fern belongs to the family Marsileaseae also called as Arai keerai in Tamil. It is an Amphibious herb with procumbent rhizomes. Occurs in marshy areas, also in rice fields and floating in running water. The stem is long creeping stolon, rooting at the nodes. Leaves are erect on long petioles. Leaflets are 4, rather large, obovate and entire on the margin. Veins are many and forking. Propagate by means of Stolons and spores Next End Previous

8. Cynodon dactylon Pers. In black soils and in dryland is a noxious weed and once a field is infested with it, cultivation becomes impossible. It is considered as one of the ten worst weeds in the world and problematic in all tropical and subtropical areas in dry land and garden lands. It belongs to the family Graminae (Poaceae) and common name is Bahama Grass, Hariyali. In tamil it is called as Arugampullu. Previous Next End

9. A perennial grass extensively creeping by means of scaly rhizomes or by strong flat stolons, very common in plains and hills slerand grows upto 7.5 to 30 cm height The underground stems are hard, brittle, thick, pale white in colour and covered with short scale-leaves and occur at varying depth in soil. Leaves are linear, finely acute, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, spikes 3 to 6. Spikelets are light green or purplish, sessile, laterally compressed, alternately 2-seriate, imbricate and 1-flowered. Grain is minute, oblong somewhat flattened, rounded on black. Propagated by through seeds and underground stolons. Previous Next End

10. Chloris inflata Link (Syn. Chloris barbata Sw.) Chlorisbarbatabelongs to the family Poaceae and also called as Mayilkondaipul. It is a tufed. A tufted perennial, commonly found as a weed in dry cultivated fields. Culms upto 60 cm high. Leaves of 7.5 to 12.5 cm long. Inflorescence with 6 to 15 digitately arranged spikes, spikelets are usually purplish in colour. Fruit is caryopsis. Propagation by seeds. It is a good fodder grass Previous Next End

11. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv . Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv is buffalo grass in the family Poaceae. It is also called as Kakkakalpal in Tamil. It is an annual, grass growing in waste places and dry cultivated lands. Stem is Culms 10-62.5 cm high. Leaves flat, 5 to 20 cm long, glabrous. Fruit is Caryopsis. Propagation by seeds. Cattle graze this readily Previous Next End

12. Portulaca oleracea L. It is a succulent broad leaved weed and it belongs to the family Portulacaceae. Common name is Indian Purslane. In tamil it is called as Paruppu Keerai. The main stem is short and erect bearing a number of lateral branches which lie prostrate on the ground, they grow to a length of 4-20 inches and are green or reddish in color Previous Next End

13. The leaf-stalk is short. Flowers are without stalks, from 2-6 in number and are collected together in clusters at the s of branches. Sepals are 2 and fleshy; they are united at the base and are free above. • Petals are 5 and are yellow in color. Fruit is dry, dehiscing transversely by the upper part enclosed by the sepals, coming off as a lid leaving the lower part in the plant. • Seeds are minute, blackish brown in color and are covered with concentric lines of tubercles. Propagation is by seed. Previous Next End

14. Alternathera pungens H.B. & K., (Syn. Alternanthera echinata S.) An introduced weed from tropical America, now common in dry land, waste lands and roadsides. The plant is gregarious in habit and produces roots at the nodes for vegetative propagation. Alternathera pungens Broad leaved weed is also called as Khaki Weed and Mull ponnanganny in Tamil. It belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is a biennial wed with trailing, diffusely branched habit. The stem is round, hairy, slightly tinged with pink the character of leaf is opposite, elliptic, obtuse and flowers in auxiliary spikes and small with fruit Achene. Propagation by means of seeds. Previous Next End

15. Trianthema protulacastrum. L. Trianthema protulacastrum.L. is annual prostrate herb belongs to the family Aizoceae. In tamil it is called as Saranai. Stem is round, striate, glabrous below and hairy. Leaves are oppositve, petioled, petiole sheathing at the base, obovate, in unequal pairs. Flowers is solitary and sessile. Fruit is capsule. Propagation by means of seeds and cuttings. It grows gregariously grows causing considerable hinderance to normal cultivation. Previous Next End

16. Cleome chelidonii L. f. Cleome chelidonii is the broad leaved weed belongs to the family Capparaceae. It is a erect glabrous much annual herb growing to a height of 30-60 cm. Stem is covered with pointed hairs, leaf have long pertioled, digitately compound, flower is pink, bracteates with small bracts with capsule fruit and propagate by seeds Previous Next End

17. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium hysterophorus L. is the generally found in non-cropped situation but now a days a weed of cropped field. It belongs to the family Compositeae and commonly called as congress weed and visha poondu in Tamil. It is a annual herb grows upto a height of 1.5 m. Stem is slunder with hairs, leaves are alternate and sessile flower is white in colour with heads many. Fruit is called as achene. Propagated through seeds. Previous Next End

18. Ammannia baccifera (L.) m. It Is an erect annual broad leaved herb growing up to a height of 30 cm It is Lythraceae family commonly called as Blistering Ammania and in tamil called as Neermael neruppu. Stem is tetragonus, branches at the base are long becoming shorter towards the top. Leaves are small lanceolate, sessile and opposite. Flowers are axillary cluster; calyx tubular Fruit is a capsule and propagate by seeds. Previous Next End

19. Direct seeded rice • Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) in place of the traditional transplanted rice is a way to drastically reduce labor charges for nursery raising, puddling and transplanting. • The predominant graminaceous weeds were Echinocloacrusgalliand Panicumsp. and weed species belonging to family cyperaceae viz., Cyperusdifformis and Cyperusiria. • The broadleaved weeds included Ammaniabaccifera, Eclipta alba, Monochoriavaginalis and Marsiliaquadrifoliata. Previous Next End

20. Panicum repens L. Panicumrepens commonly called asGinger Grass and Injipillu in tamil. It is a perennial grass, survive well under moist condition. Stem is Culms creeping at the base, rhizomatous, 60 to 150 cm long. Underground stems are thick and hard, very much resembling ginger. Aerial branches are covered with pointed scale leaves at the base. Inflorescence is much branched terminal panicle 3-5 inches long. Spikelets is ovoid and pointed on a short stalk and has four glumes. Propagationby underground stems and grains. It is much relished by cattle. End Previous Next

21. Cyperus difformis L. A common weed in paddy fieldsCyperus difformis is also called asVatta Korai Belongs to family Cyperaceae. A very common sler, weak plant found in marshes and in shallow ponds; stems tufted, 12.5 to 37.5 cm long. Stem 8-40 cm height. Leaves flaccid, as long as the stem; bracts 2-3, 5 to 20 cm long. Spikelets many, densely grouped into congested globose heads; glumes obovate, apex rounded. Propagation byseeds. Previous Next End

22. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus iria L. belongs to the family Cyperaceae and its tamil name is Oosikorai. It is widely distriubtued species an all marshy situations and also occurs as a very common weed in paddy fields and in shallow ponds. Belongs to the family Cyperaceae and its tamil name is Oosikorai It is erect glabrous annual. Stem is 15 to 50 cm high, trigonous. Leaves up to 42.5 cm long; bracts 3-5, 5 to 25 cm long. Spike consists of 5-15 spikelets; spikelets linear, oblong, yellow or pale-brown and glumes plicate.Propogation by means of seeds. Previous Next End

23. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Monochoria vaginalis is a common wet land and broad leaved weed. It belongs to family Pontederiaceae. A rooted aquatic herb, commonly growing in fresh water and marshy areas.Root-stock short and suberect. Flowers in racemes, usually blue spotted with red and petaloid. Fruit is a capsule. Propagationby seed and also by root-stock Previous Next End

24. Aerobic rice Aerobic rice is a renewed way of growing rice in non-submerged unpuddled condition in aerated soils. Aerobic rice varieties developed for the purpose yield as much as irrigated puddled rice varieties traditionally grown in rice paddies. The predominant weed flora found were Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chloris barbata among the grasses and among the dicot weeds, Alternanthra pungens, Portulaca oleraceae, Cleome chelidoni, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eclipta alba and Tridax procumbens were the predominant broad leaved weeds. Previous Next End

25. Semidry rice Semidry rice cultivation is growing rice under rainfed condition and later turning to lowland crop when rainwater is available from the tanks and/or from similar sources. The predominant weeds were Cynodon dactylon and Echinochloa colona among grasses, Trianthema portulacastrum and Portulaca oleracea among broadleaved weeds and Cyperus rotundus in sedges. Previous