B Vitamins: B 1 and B 2 (Thiamin & Riboflavin) Elena

B Vitamins: • B1 and B2 (Thiamin & Riboflavin) Elena • B3 and B5 (Niacin & Pantothenic Acid) Kelly • B6 and B7 (Pyridoxine & Biotin) Beth • B9 and B12 (Folate & Cobalamin) Margaret NUTR 150 , Sciara, SP’07

B Vitamins • All B vitamins help the body to convert carbohydrates into glucose (sugar), which is "burned" to produce energy • They are essential in the breakdown of fats and proteins. • They play an important role in maintaining muscle tone along the digestive tract and promoting the health of the nervous system, skin, hair, eyes, mouth, and liver.

Assignment: • Name of vitamin or mineral (briefly give chemical composition) • How it functions in the body—metabolism (just how it fits into the big picture, briefly) • Can it be synthesized by the human body or must it come from other sources (e.g., food)? • Food sources (if the vitamin or mineral cannot be synthesized by the body) • Daily requirement (RDA) • Deficiencies/disease, treatment • Fun facts (optional)

Elena B1 and B2 (Thiamin & Riboflavin)

B1, Thiamin • Name of vitamin or mineral (briefly give chemical composition) • I’ll start with B1 , Thiamin… C12H17N4OS+ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine

B1 Thiamin 2. How it functions in the body—metabolism • Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin involved in these body functions: • nervous system and muscle functioning • flow of electrolytes in and out of nerve and muscle cells (through ion channels) • multiple enzyme processes (via the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate) • (cont.’d) National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1 , Thiamin 2. How it functions in the body—metabolism • (cont.’d) • carbohydrate metabolism • production of hydrochloric acid (which is necessary for proper digestion) • Note: Because there is very little thiamin stored in the body, depletion can occur as quickly as within 14 days. National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 3. Can it be synthesized by the human body or must it come from other sources (e.g., food)? Humans are dependent on dietary intake to fulfill their thiamin requirements…very limited thiamin [is] stored in the body. Note: Some antibiotics destroy gastrointestinal flora (normal bacteria in the gut), which manufactures some B vitamins…[but again] the majority of thiamin is obtained through diet. National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 4. Food sources: • Dietary sources of thiamin include… • beef • Brewer’s yeast • legumes (beans, lentils) • milk • nuts • oats • oranges • pork • rice • seeds • wheat • whole grain cereals • yeast National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1,Thiamin 5. Daily requirement (RDA) Population RDA For adult males 19 and older: 1.2 mg For adult females 19 and older: 1.1 mg For pregnant or breastfeeding women of any age: 1.4 mg (cont.’d) National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1,Thiamin 5. Daily requirement (RDA) Population RDA (cont.’d) For children 4-8 years old: 0.6 mg For children 9-13 years old: 1 mg For adolescent males 14-18: 1.2 mg For adolescent females 14-18: 1 mg National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Severe chronic thiamin deficiency (beriberi) can result in potentially serious complications involving the nervous system/brain, muscles, heart, and gastrointestinal system. National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Deficiency symptoms and side effects include beriberi, anorexia and weight loss, apathy, decreased short-term memory, confusion and irritability, muscle weakness, and enlarged heart. (Textbook)

B1, Thiamin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment The NLM & NIH provide a chart showing “uses [of thiamin] based on scientific evidence” for various conditions. They use the following grading scale: A Strong scientific evidence for this use B Good scientific evidence for this use C Unclear scientific evidence for this use D Fair scientific evidence against this use F Strong scientific evidence against this use National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Here are some of the conditions listed on their chart—and their grade: National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1, Thiamin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B1,Thiamin • Fun facts • Thiamin was one of the first organic compounds to be recognized as a vitamin (It was isolated and characterized in the 1920’s.) • Other than “thiamin,” vitamin B1 is known by 20 other names! National Library of Medicine (NLM) & The National Institutes of Health (NIH) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html

B2, Riboflavin • Name of vitamin or mineral (briefly give chemical composition) • Now I’ll move on to Vitamin B2 , Riboflavin… C17H20N4O6

B2, Riboflavin 2. How it functions in the body—metabolism • Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that supports… • energy metabolism (carbs & fats) • biosynthesis of a number of compounds through its coenzyme forms, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) • It is also required for activation and support of activity of vitamin B6, folate, niacin, and vitamin K. Northwestern University http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/vitamin-b2.html

B2, Riboflavin 2. How it functions in the body—metabolism In essence… It is necessary for normal cell function, growth, and energy production. And…according to our textbook, “supports normal vision and skin health” (p.218). Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 3. Can it be synthesized by the human body or must it come from other sources (e.g., food)? Small amounts of riboflavin are present in most animal and plant tissues. Healthy individuals who eat a balanced diet rarely need riboflavin supplements. Northwestern University http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/vitamin-b2.html

B2, Riboflavin 4. Food sources: According to Northwestern University, liver, almonds, soy nuts, shellfish, milk and other dairy products, and eggs. The Mayo Clinic adds enriched cereals/grains, meats, and green vegetables (such as esparagus or broccoli) to the list. Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin Northwestern University http://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/nutrition/factsheets/vitamin-b2.html

B2, Riboflavin 5. Daily requirement (RDA) • Population RDA • For female adults (older than 18) 1.1 mg • For male adults (older than 18) 1.3 mg • For adolescent females (14-18) 1.0 mg • For adolescent males (14-18) 1.3 mg • For pregnant women (any age) 1.4 mg • For breastfeeding women (any age) 1.6 mg Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 5. Daily requirement (RDA) • Population RDA • For children (4-8) 0.6 mg • For children ( 9-13) 0.9 mg Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Using the same grading scale as before, here are some examples of conditions related to riboflavin deficiency: Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 6. Deficiencies/disease, treatment Deficiency symptoms and side effects include ariboflavinosis, sore throat, swelling of mouth and throat, cheilosis (dry, cracked lips), angular stomatitis (inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth), glossitis (magenta tongue), seborrheic dermatitis (inflammation of oil glands in the skin), and anemia (lower than normal amount of red blood cells). Northwestern University adds photophobia and burning, itching eyes to this list. (Textbook)

B2, Riboflavin 7. Fun facts • As with other B vitamins, riboflavin is lost by milling of grains. To compensate for these losses, white flour is enriched with this vitamin. • Riboflavin is not part of the vitamin enrichment mixture added to white rice because the addition of this vitamin imparts a yellowish cast. Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

B2, Riboflavin 7. Fun facts • Riboflavin is often used as a tracer of medication compliance in the treatment of patients with alcoholic dependence, mental disorders, and other conditions. Urinary riboflavin levels may be measured in order to determine level of compliance. • Riboflavin is easily destroyed by exposure to light (for example, [if it is] in milk stored in clear glass bottles). It can also be destroyed in the presence of alkali such as baking soda. Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B2/NS_patient-riboflavin

Kelly B3 and B5 (Niacin & Pantothenic Acid)

Niacin • Also called nicotinic acid, niacinamide, nicotinamide or nicotinic acid and referred to as vitamin B 3 • Made up of niacin (nicotinic acid) and its amide, niacinamide • Can be manufactured by the body

Functions in Body • Participates in more than 50 metabolic functions • Plays an important role in ridding the body of toxic and harmful chemicals • Helps the body make various sex and stress-related hormones in the adrenal glands and other parts of the body • Is effective in improving circulation and lowering cholesterol by preventing its buildup in the liver and arteries • Derivatives such as NADH are required for cell respiration; the release of energy and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins • Proper circulation and healthy skin • Functioning of the nervous system • Normal secretion of bile and stomach fluids • Aids in the production of hydrochloric acid, needed for proper digestion • The health of the myelin sheath (the protective covering of the spinal nerves) which helps treat schizophrenia and other mental illnesses and works as a memory-enhancer • Aids in protecting the pancreas

Niacin Biosynthesis • The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan Tryptophan → Kynurenine → Niacin • Can also be consumed through foods

Animal products: liver, heart and kidney chicken beef fish: tuna, salmon milk Eggs Seeds: nuts whole grain products legumes The best dietary sources of vitamin B3 are found in beets, brewer's yeast, beef liver, beef kidney, pork, turkey, chicken, veal, fish, salmon, swordfish, tuna, sunflower seeds, and peanuts Niacin in Foods • Fruits and Vegetables: • leaf vegetables • broccoli • tomatoes • carrots • dates • sweet potatoes • asparagus • avocados • Fungi: • mushrooms • brewer's yeast

Niacin is available in several different supplement forms: Niacinamide Nicotinic acid Inositol hexaniacinate Daily requirements for niacin may be higher for those who have cancer, those who are being treated with isoniazid (for tuberculosis), and people with protein deficiencies Infants birth to 6 months: 2 mg (adequate intake) Infants 7 months to 1 year: 4 mg (adequate intake) Children 1 to 3 years: 6 mg Children 4 to 8 years: 8 mg Children 9 to 13 years: 12 mg Males 14 to 18 years: 16 mg Females 14 to 18 years: 14 mg Males 19 years and older: 16 mg Females 19 years and older: 14 mg Pregnant females: 18 mg Breastfeeding females: 17 mg Recommended Daily Requirements

Flushing of the skin along with a strange itching sensation and a reddening of the skin Headache Nausea Hyperuricemia Liver toxicity Worsening of stomach ulcers Altered blood sugar or insulin levels or uric acid concentrations Increased liver enzyme levels in the blood Skin yellowing (jaundice) Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) Lactic acidosis, muscle cell damage (myopathy) and increased blood levels of creatine kinase (a marker of muscle damage) Abnormal heart rhythms and heart palpitations Blood clotting problems Low white blood cell number (leukopenia) Tooth or gum pain Dizziness Breathing difficulty Increased anxiety Panic attacks Decreased thyroid function (hypothyroidism) Temporary side effects of the eye including macular swelling and blurred vision as well as toxic amblyopia ("lazy eye") Liver failure Low blood pressure Stomach ulcers Side Effects

Symptoms of deficiency: Generalized weakness or muscular weakness Lack of appetite Skin infections Digestive problems Fatigue Canker sores Vomiting Depression Dementia Bright red rash resembling sunburn Irritation of the mouth Inflammation and ulceration of the tongue Insomnia Headache Dizziness Delusions Hallucinations Anemia Pellagra The term pellagra is derived from the Italian words pelle agra meaning rough or smarting skin. Severe deficiency of both niacin and tryptophan Most often seen in chronic alcoholism, malnutrition and people with multiple vitamin deficiencies Characterized by cracked, scaly skin, dementia, and diarrhea Niacin Deficiencies/Diseases Dietary deficiency of niacin tends to only occur in areas of the world where people eat corn as a staple and don't use lime in fertilization. Corn is the only grain that is low in niacin. Lime releases tryptophan which, again, can be converted to niacin in the body

Niacin Prevention and Treatment Used for prevention or treatment of: • Diabetes • Osteoarthritis • Cataracts • Burns • High Cholesterol • Atherosclerosis • High cholesterol • Pellagra • Alzheimer's disease/ cognitive decline • A recent study found that the combination of niacin and a cholesterol-lowering drug called simvastatin (which belongs to a class known as HmG CoA reductase inhibitors or statins) may dramatically slow the progression of heart disease, reducing risk of heart attack, and even death. • An interesting area of research currently underway is the use of niacin skin care products as anti-aging agents, for treatment of acne, and, possibly, for prevention of skin cancer

Fun Facts about Niacin • When the properties of niacin were discovered, it was thought prudent to choose a common name other than nicotinic acid, for fear that it might be confused with nicotine, leading to the ideas that either smoking provided vitamins or that wholesome food contained a poison. • The resulting name 'niacin' was derived from nicotinic acid + vitamin. Vitamin B3 is also referred to as "vitamin PP", a name derived from the obsolete term "pellagra-preventing factor."

Pantothenic acid • Also called vitamin B5 • Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food

Function in Body • Essential to all forms of life • Critical in the metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats • Needed to form coenzyme-A (CoA); this is a way to transport carbon atoms within the cell. The transfer of carbon atoms by coenzyme A is important in cellular respiration • Secretion of hormones that assist metabolism, help to fight allergies and are beneficial in the maintenance of healthy skin, muscles and nerves. • Used in the creation of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and hemoglobin • Some are of the opinion that pantothenic acid is also helpful to fight wrinkles as well as graying of the hair • Critical to the manufacture of red blood cells • Important in maintaining a healthy digestive tract • Helps the body to use other vitamins more effectively

Pantothenic Acid Biosynthesis • Must be consumed through food! • Gut bacteria in humans can generate pantothenic acid, although we may or may not be able to absorb it

Small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in most foods, with high quantities found in whole grain and eggs Can also be found in many dietary supplements (as calcium-D-pantothenate), and some energy drink companies are now adding pantothenic acid to their beverages A lot of vitamin B5 is lost in processing; 35%-75% Pantolithic Acid in Foods

Does not appear to be toxic in high dosage Infants 0 to 6 months: 1.7 mg/day Infants 7 to 12 months: 1.8 mg/day Children 1 to 3 years: 2 mg/day Children 4 to 8 years: 3 mg/day Males 9 to 13 years: 4 mg/day Males 14 to 18 years: 5 mg/day Males 19 years and older: 5 mg/day Females 9 to 13 years: 4 mg/day Females 14 to 18 years: 5 mg/day Females 19 years and older: 5 mg/day Pregnant Females 14 to 50 years: 6 mg/day Breastfeeding Females 14 to 50 years: 7 mg/day Adequate Intake Levels

Pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare Victims of starvation Prisoners of war Most information regarding the effects of pantothenic acid deficiency comes from experimental research in animals Fatigue Allergies Nausea Abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency Hepatic encephalopathy Painful burning sensations of the feet and hands Headaches Depression Personality changes Cardiac instability Frequent infection Pantothenic Acid Deficiencies

Pantothenic Acid Treatments • Hair care • Acne • Anti-inflammatory • Antiviral • Wound Healing • Burns • High Cholesterol • May have antioxidant and radioprotective activities • Rheumatoid arthritis

Fun Facts about Pantothenic Acid It is sometimes referred to as the "anti-stress" vitamin because it is believed to enhance the activity of the immune system andimprove the body's ability to withstand stressful conditions

B Vitamins: B 1 and B 2 (Thiamin & Riboflavin) Elena