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44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar

“All that I have written, the whole of my effort, has been for the benefit of young people and for the greater glory of Rome” ( Second Philippic , p. 111). 44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar

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44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar

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  1. “All that I have written, the whole of my effort, has been for the benefit of young people and for the greater glory of Rome” (Second Philippic, p. 111)

  2. 44-43 BCE: The end of Cicero’s life / End of the Republic March 15 Assassination of Julius Caesar March-Sept. “the [most] power any popular leader could possibly have”(Appian BC 4.19) Sept. 1 Antony attacks (absent) Cicero in Senate Sept. 2 Cicero delivers conciliatory speech Sept. 19 Antony demands Cicero’s presence at Senate; charges him with Caesar’s murder Sept. 20 1st Philippic delivered October 2nd Philippic composed (published December) Dec. 20 3rd-4th Philippicsimplore Senate to declare Antony public enemy January5th-7th Philippics: same, but Senate ignores Cicero Feb.-Apr. 8th-14th Philippics: Ciceropersuades Senate to declare civil war vs. Antony April 21 Battle of Mutina: Octavian defeats Antony, forms2ndTriumvirate with Lepidus Apr.-Dec. Proscriptions (Octavian tried to save Cicero) December 7 Murder of Marcus Tullius Cicero

  3. “For if, as you assert, I had been the author of the work, believe me, I should not have been satisfied to finish only one act: I should have completed the play!” (Second Philippic, p. 117) Cicero Denounces Catiline(C. Maccari, 1889)

  4. Second Philippic: core values, rhetorical techniques virtusdignitashumanitas amicitialibertas fides to therespublica ad hominem (“directed against someone”) individualized attack inveho (“to bring in an attack”) abusive and insulting language asyndeton (“not bound together”) short, choppy sentences parataxis (“arranged side by side”) parallel construction hypophora (“putting forward”) rhetorical question metaphora (“to transfer”) one thing stands for another similis (“comparison”) comparison of unlike things praeteritio (“to go besides”) say what you say you won’t say Find one example of each of these rhetorical devices. What are the various accusations Cicero levels against Antony? What is the overall impact of these rhetorical techniques and accusations? { {

  5. December 7, 43 BCE “Cicero heard [his pursuers] coming and ordered his servants to set the litter down where they were. He…looked steadfastly at his murderers. He was all covered in dust; his hair was long and disordered, and his face was pinched and wasted with his anxieties – so that most of those who stood by covered their faces while Herennius was killing him. His throat was cut as he stretched his neck out from the litter …. Herennius cut off his head, by Antony's command, and his hands—the hands with which he wrote the Philippics … his speeches against Antony” (Plutarch Life of Cicero48)

  6. December 7, 43 BCE “When, however, the head of Cicero also was brought to [Antony and his wife Fulvia] one day … Antony uttered many bitter reproaches against it and then ordered it to be exposed on the rostra more prominently than the rest, in order that it might be seen in the very place where Cicero had so often been heard declaiming against him, together with his right hand, just as it had been cut off. And Fulvia took the head into her hands before it was removed, and after abusing it spitefully and spitting upon it, set it on her knees, opened the mouth, and pulled out the tongue, which she pierced with the pins that she used for her hair, at the same time uttering many brutal jests” (Cassius DioRoman History 47.8.3-4).

  7. “I would gladly offer my own body, if my death could redeem the freedom of our nation…[and I pray that] no man’s fortunes may fail to correspond with his services to our country” (Second Philippic, pp. 151-2) Fulvia with the Head of Cicero (P. Svedomsky, 1849-1904)

  8. “Cicero’s head and hand were fastened for a long time to the Rostra in the Forum, where he had previously played the popular leader, and more came to see the sight than had listened to him. It is said that Antony had the head placed before the table at his meals, until he was sated with looking at the vile object. This, then, was the way in which Cicero was killed and outraged after his death—a man who is renowned to this day for his literary achievements, and was of the greatest service to his country when he held the office of a consul” (Appian Civil War 19-20) Augustus: “A learned man … and a lover of his country” (Plut. Cicero 49).

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