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Software Testing Techniques (STT)

Software Testing Techniques (STT). Unit 4 – Domain Testing. Sudhakar yadav. Compiled with reference from: Software Testing Techniques: Boris Beizer Craft of Software Testing: Brain Marrick. U3. Domain Testing. We will see in this part of Unit 3:

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Software Testing Techniques (STT)

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  1. Software Testing Techniques (STT) Unit 4 – Domain Testing Sudhakar yadav Compiled with reference from: Software Testing Techniques: Boris Beizer Craft of Software Testing: Brain Marrick

  2. U3 Domain Testing • We will see in this part of Unit 3: • Domains & Paths • Nice & Ugly Domains • Domain Testing • Domains & Interfaces Testing • Domains & Testability ref boris beizer

  3. U3 Transaction-Flow Testing • Contents of the unit • Domains • Model, as a set, paths • Predicates • closure, dimensionality, assumptions • Nice & ugly domains • specified & implemented domains • Nice domains – properties, testing implications • Ugly domains, simplification by programmers & testers • Domain testing • Bugs & testing for those bugs • Testing procedure • Variations, tools, effectiveness • Domains & Interface Testing • Range, closure, span • Interface range, domain compatibility • Finding the values • Domains & Testability • Linearizing, coordinate transformations. Canonical program form ref boris beizer

  4. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain Testing Model D1 D2 INPUT CLASSIFY DO CASE 1 OUTPUT D3 (x,y,z,…) { Outcome } Dn DO CASE 2 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…) DO CASE 3 ref boris beizer DO CASE n

  5. U3 Domain Testing • Domain Testing • Views Programs as input data classifiers • Verifies if the classification is correct ref boris beizer

  6. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain Testing Model • Two Views • Based on Specs • Functional Testing • Based on Implementation information • Structural Technique ref boris beizer

  7. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain Testing Model • Variables • Simple combinations of two variables • Numbers from - to + • Input variables as numbers • Loop-free Programs ref boris beizer

  8. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain Testing Model • Structural Knowledge is not needed. Only Specs. • For each Input Case, • A Hypothetical path for Functional testing • An Actual path for Structural testing ref boris beizer

  9. D1 U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain (simplified) • A Single Connected Set of numbers • No arbitrary discrete sets • Defined by the boundaries • One or more boundaries • Specified by predicates • Bugs likely at the boundaries • One or more variables ref boris beizer

  10. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Predicates • Interpretation • Structural Testing - CFG • Functional Testing - DFG • Specifies the Domain Boundary • n Predicates in Sequence 2n domains • Or, just two domains ref boris beizer A .AND. B .AND. C

  11. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Paths • At least One PATH thru the Program • More paths for disconnected domains ref boris beizer

  12. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Summary: • Domain for a loop-free program corresponds to a set of numbers defined over the input vector • For every domain, there is at least one path thru the routine, along which that domain’s processing is done • The set of interpreted predicates traversed on that path (ie., the path’s predicate expression) defines the domain’s boundaries. ref boris beizer

  13. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Domain Closure • Boundary: Closed / Open X <= MAX X >= MIN MAX MIN D2 D3 D1 Closed ref boris beizer D2 X >= MIN X < MAX D3 D1 Closed Open MIN MAX

  14. MAX MIN D2 D3 D1 Open X < MAX X > MIN Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Domain Closure • Boundary: Closed / Open ref boris beizer

  15. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Domain Dimensionality • One dimension per variable • At least one predicate • Slices thru previously defined Domain • Slicing Boundary • N-spaces are cut by Hyperplanes ref boris beizer

  16. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Bug Assumptions • Processing is OK. Domain definition may be wrong. •  Boundaries are wrong. •  Predicates are wrong. • Once input vector is set on the right path, it’s correctly processed. • More bugs causing domain errors … ref boris beizer

  17. defined undefined U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Bug Assumptions.. • Double-zero representation • Floating point zero check • Contradictory domains • Ambiguous domains ref boris beizer

  18. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Bug Assumptions.. • Over-specified domains • Boundary errors • Boundary closure • Shifted X > 3 .AND. X < 2 .AND. Y > 3 ref boris beizer

  19. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Bug Assumptions • Boundary errors…. • Tilted • Missing • Extra boundary ref boris beizer

  20. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Bug Assumptions • Closure Reversal • Faulty Logic • Simplification of compound predicates X >= 3 ref boris beizer

  21. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Bug Assumptions ref boris beizer Strategy for domain testing in 2-dim

  22. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Restrictions • In General… • Coincidental Correctness • DT cannot detect • Example • Representative outcome • Partition testing • Input Equivalence F1(x) : +1 ref boris beizer D1 D2 F2(x) : -1

  23. Function f1 D1 INPUT CLASSIFY DO CASE 1 OUTPUT D2 (x, y, z, …) { Outcome } DO CASE 2 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…) f2 D3 DO CASE 3 f3 Dn f4 DO CASE n U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths • Domain Testing Model ref boris beizer

  24. X X >=0 .AND. X <= 16 0 16 Y Y = 1 .AND. X >=0 .AND. X <= 16 0 16 X U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - - Restrictions • Simple boundaries & Compound predicates D1 D1 ref boris beizer

  25. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - - Restrictions • Compound predicates…. • Impact of .OR. • Concave, Disconnected • Adjacent domains with same function • Example • A B C + D E F • Eliminate compound predicates ref boris beizer

  26. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Restrictions • Functional Homogeneity of Bugs • Functional form still Retained • a x + b y >= c • Bugs are only in a, b, c ref boris beizer

  27. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - - Restrictions • Linear Vector Space • Linear boundary predicate, Interpreted • Simple relational operators • Conversion to linear vector space • 2-d Polar co-ordinates • Polynomials • Problems with Non-linear Boundaries ref boris beizer

  28. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Restrictions • Loop-free Software • Predicate for each iteration • Loop over the entire transaction • Definite loop ref boris beizer

  29. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice & Ugly domains • Nice Domains • Requirements • Bugs  ill-defined domains • Before DT • Analyze specs • Make the Boundary Specs Consistent & Complete ref boris beizer

  30. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Implemented Domains • Complete, Consistent & Process all inputs • Specified Domains • Incomplete, Inconsistent • Programmer’s / Designer’s Effort ref boris beizer

  31. U2 U1 D12 D11 V1 V2 D22 D21 U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Nice Domains • Linear, Complete, Systematic, Orthogonal, Consistently Closed, & Convex ref boris beizer

  32. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Nice Domains • Advantages • Ease of DT • Fewer Bug Occurrences ref boris beizer

  33. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Nice Domains • Boundaries are • Linear • Complete • Systematic • Orthogonal • Closure consistency • Convex • Simply connected ref boris beizer

  34. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Linear Boundaries • Interpreted linear inequalities • n-dim Hyperplane: • n+1 Points • n+1 + 1 Test Cases • Non-Linear • Transform ref boris beizer

  35. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Nice domains • Complete Boundaries • Span the total number space (-, +) • One set of Tests • Incomplete… • Reasons • Tests ref boris beizer

  36. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Systematic Boundaries • Linear Inequalities differing by a constant • fj(X) ≥ kjor, fj(X) ≥ g (j, c)g (j, c) = j + k * c • Parallel lines • Identical Sectors in a Circle • DT • Test a domain  Tests for other Domains ref boris beizer

  37. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Orthogonal Boundaries • Two boundaries or, boundary sets • Parallel to axes • DT • Each Set Independently • # Tests  O (n) Uj Vj ref boris beizer

  38. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Orthogonal Boundaries • Tilted sets • transformation • Test cases: O(n) • Concentric circles with radial lines • Rectangular coordinates • Polar • r ≥aj .AND. r < aj+1 .AND. • ≥ j .AND.  < j+1 ref boris beizer

  39. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Non-Orthogonal Boundaries • Test Intersections O ( n2 ) + O (n) ref boris beizer

  40. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Closure Consistency • A Simple pattern in all boundary closures • Example • Same relational operator for systematic boundaries ref boris beizer D3 D2 D4 D1

  41. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Convex Domain • Line joining any two points lies with in the domain • DT • n on-points & 1 off-pt • Concave • “ But, However, Except, Or … “ in Specs • Handle with special care ref boris beizer

  42. D2 D1 U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths - Nice domains • Simply Connected Domain • In a single piece • 2 complementary domains • D1: Convex  D2: Concave, not-Connected • Programmer / Designer • Convex part First D2 D3 D1 ref boris beizer

  43. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Generally, • From Bad Specs • Programmer / Designer Simplifies => Ugly to Good • possibility of Introduction of more bugs ?!? ref boris beizer

  44. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Causes • Non-linear Boundaries • 2. Ambiguities & Contradictions • 3. Simplifying the topology • 4. Rectifying boundary closures ref boris beizer

  45. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Non-linear Boundaries • Transform ref boris beizer

  46. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Ambiguities • Holes in input vector space. • Missing boundary • Detected by Specification languages & tools. ref boris beizer

  47. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Contradictions.. • Overlapping of • Domain Specs • Closure Specs ref boris beizer D3 D2 D1

  48. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Simplifying the Topology…. • Complexity ! • Concavity, Holes, Disconnectedness ref boris beizer

  49. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Simplifying the Topology…. • Smoothing out concavity • Filling in Holes ref boris beizer

  50. U3 Domain Testing - Domains & Paths – Ugly Domains • Simplifying the Topology…. • Joining the pieces • Correct: • Connect disconnected boundary segments • Extend boundaries to infinity ref boris beizer

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