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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integumentary System APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints ] Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Central Nervous System APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems(continued) Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Blood Diseases and Disorders Diseases and Disorders of the Heart ] Circulatory Diseases and Disorders APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems(continued) Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism ] Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

7. Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Organ Systems(continued) Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System Pregnancy-Related Disorders ] APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

8. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integu... Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders of the Integumentary System • Burns • Allergies • Acne Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-integumentary-system-1418/

9. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis • Paget's Disease Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-skeletal-system-1422/

10. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton Injuries and Disorders of the Skeleton • Spina Bifida • Fractures Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/injuries-and-disorders-of-the-skeleton-1425/

11. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Joints • Sprain and Strain • Rheumatism and Arthritis • Common Joint Injuries Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-disorders-and-injuries-of-the-joints-1427/

12. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscul... Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Muscular System • Muscular Dystrophy • Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-disorders-and-injuries-of-the-muscular-system-1430/

13. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Centra... Injuries, Diseases, and Disorders of the Central Nervous System • Traumatic Brain Injury • Cerebrovascular Accident • Transient Ischemic Attacks • Alzheimer's Disease • Brain Tumors • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/injuries-diseases-and-disorders-of-the-central-nervous-system-1434/

14. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System • Pancreatic Islet Disorders: Diabetes and Hyperinsulinism • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-endocrine-system-1441/

15. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Blood Diseases and Disorders Blood Diseases and Disorders • Hemostasis Disorders • Anemia • Sickle-Cell Disease • Leukemia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/blood-diseases-and-disorders-1444/

16. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Heart Diseases and Disorders of the Heart • Congenital Heart Defects • Myocarditis and Endocarditis • Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction • Arrhythmia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-heart-1449/

17. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Circulatory Diseases and Disorders Circulatory Diseases and Disorders • Angiogenesis and Disease • Varicose Veins • Syncope • Hypertension Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/circulatory-diseases-and-disorders-1454/

18. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System Diseases and Disorders of the Immune System • Immunodeficiencies • Autoimmune Diseases • Infectious Mononucleosis • Psoriasis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-immune-system-1459/

19. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Respiratory Diseases and Disorders • Asthma • Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Cystic Fibrosis • Hypoxia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/respiratory-diseases-and-disorders-1464/

20. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System • Peritonitis • Mumps • Lactose Intolerance • Peptic Ulcer Disease Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-digestive-system-1469/

21. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism Diseases and Disorders of the Metabolism • Phenylketonuria (PKU) • Galactosemia and Glycogen Storage Disease Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-metabolism-1474/

22. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System • Renal Disease and Failure • Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) • Polycystic Kidney Disease Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-urinary-system-1477/

23. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders Body Fluid-Related Diseases and Disorders • Acidosis • Alkalosis • Edema Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/body-fluid-related-diseases-and-disorders-1481/

24. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) • Erectile Dysfunction and the Blue Pill • Cervical Cancer Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-reproductive-system-1485/

25. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... > Pregnancy-Related Disorders Pregnancy-Related Disorders • Ectopic Pregnancy • Infertility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-a-diseases-injuries-and-disorders-of-the-organ-systems-1416/pregnancy-related-disorders-1489/

26. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

27. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Key terms • ACLThe most commonly injured ligament of the knee. • acute respiratory distress syndromeAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious reaction to various forms of injuries or acute infection to the lung. ARDS is a severe lung syndrome (not a disease) caused by a variety of direct and indirect issues. • AFPAlpha-Fetal Protein (AFP); a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development that is thought to be the fetal form of serum albumin. AFP is measured in pregnant women through the analysis of maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for a subset of developmental abnormalities; it is principally increased in open neural tube defects and omphalocele and is decreased in Down syndrome. • alkalosisAn abnormally increased alkalinity in the blood. • allergenA substance which causes an allergic reaction. • amyloid-beta peptideA peptide of 36–43 amino acids that is processed from the Amyloid precursor protein, best known as a component of amyloid plaques in association with Alzheimer's disease. • amyotrophic lateral sclerosisA chronic, progressive disease characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system and the loss of voluntary muscle control. • anaphylaxisA severe and rapid systemic allergic reaction to an allergen, causing a constriction of the trachea, preventing breathing; anaphylactic shock. • androgenA steroid hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. • Angiogenesis inhibitorsA substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Some angiogenesis inhibitors are a normal part of the body's control, some are administered as drugs, and some come from diet. • angiographyA medical imaging technique in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the inside of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. • angioplastyThe mechanical widening of a narrowed or totally obstructed blood vessel generally caused by atheroma. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

28. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • anoxiaA condition in which tissues are severely or totally deprived of oxygen, severe hypoxia. • asthmaA long-term respiratory condition, in which the airways may unexpectedly and suddenly narrow, often in response to an allergen, cold air, exercise, or emotional stress. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. • autoimmune diseaseA disease where one's immune system attacks one's own tissues. • autoimmune diseasesArise from an inappropriate immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. • automaticityThe ability of the heart muscles to contract independently of each other when separated or in unison when reattached in whole or in groups. • autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseaseAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ("ADPKD", "autosomal dominant PKD", or "Adult-onset PKD") is an inherited systemic disorder that predominantly affects the kidneys, but may affect other organs including the liver, pancreas, brain, and arterial blood vessels • autosomal recessiveA mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the allosomes (the sex determining chromosomes). • autosomal recessiveA mode of inheritance of genetic traits located on the allosomes (the sex determining chromosomes). • autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseaseThe recessive form of polycystic kidney, called ARPKD (autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease), is less common than autosomal dominant polycystic kidney • avascularLacking blood vessels. • beta-2 agonistβ2-adrenergic agonists, also known as β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, are a class of drugs used to treat asthma and other pulmonary disease states. • blood pressureThe pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and veins; it varies during the heartbeat cycle, and according to a person's age, health, and physical condition. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

29. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • Blumberg signBlumberg's sign is a sign that is elicited during physical examination in medicine and is indicative of peritonitis. A positive sign shows rebound tenderness, meaning that pressing a hand on the abdomen elicits less pain than releasing the hand abruptly, which will aggravate the pain, as the peritoneum snaps back into place. • bone marrowThe fatty vascular tissue that fills the cavities of bones; the place where new blood cells are produced. • burnA type of injury to flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction. • Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)A large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. • cardiogenic syncopeThe form of syncope that is more likely to produce serious morbidity or mortality and require prompt treatment. • carpal tunnel syndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome is an entrapment median neuropathy, causing paresthesia, pain, numbness, and other symptoms in the distribution of the median nerve due to its compression at the wrist in the carpal tunnel. • cervical cancerA type of cancer of the cervix of the uterus which can afflict some female mammals including humans. The term usually does not refer to cancer of the neck or other parts of the anatomy which use the term cervix. • CFTR geneThe gene that encodes the CFTR protein is found on the human chromosome 7, on the long arm at position q31.2. from base pair 116,907,253 to base pair 117,095,955. CFTR orthologs have also been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available. • chemotherapyChemical treatment to kill or halt the replication and/or spread of cancerous cells in a patient. • chronic periodontitisChronic periodontitis is a common disease of the oral cavity consisting of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues, often caused by accumulation of profuse amounts of dental plaque. • coagulationThe process by which blood forms solid clots. • common cause hypothesisPredicts that common disease-causing alleles, or variants, will be found in all human populations which manifest a given disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

30. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • complete blood countA measure of the number, concentration, and size of white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells in one's blood. • complete blood count (CBC)A test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. • concentric contractionA type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force. • conceptionThe fertilization of an ovum by a sperm to form a zygote. • contraceptionThe use of a device or procedure to prevent conception as a result of sexual activity. • cortisolA steroid hormone (also called hydrocortisone), produced by the adrenal cortex, that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and maintains blood pressure. • creatinineA heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one formed by the metabolism of creatine. • cutaneous edemaEdema, formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling. • cyanosisA blue discoloration of the skin due to the circulation of blood low in oxygen. • cystic fibrosisAn inherited condition in which the exocrine glands produce abnormally viscous mucus, causing chronic respiratory and digestive problems. • dermabrasionA cosmetic medical procedure in which the surface of the epidermis of the skin is removed by abrasion, typically to remove scarring or sun-damaged skin. • diabetesA group of metabolic diseases whereby a person (or other animal) has high blood sugar due to an inability to produce, metabolize, or respond to the hormone insulin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

31. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • dystrophinA cytoplasmic structural protein that is deficient in some forms of muscular dystrophy. • eccentric contractionThe elongation of a muscle while under tension due to an opposing force being greater than the force generated by the muscle. • ectopic pregnancyA pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall. • edemaAn excessive accumulation of serum in tissue spaces or a body cavity • embolismAn obstruction or occlusion of an artery by an embolus, that is by a blood clot, air bubble, or other matter that has been transported by the blood stream. • embolusAn obstruction causing an embolism: a blood clot, air bubble, or other matter carried by the blood stream and causing a blockage or occlusion of a blood vessel. • enzymeA globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction. • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)Virus responsible for causing infectious mononucelosis. • Erectile dysfunctionErectile dysfunction (ED) is sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual performance. • escharA dry, dark scab or scar, especially as a result of burning. • fitnessA central idea in evolutionary biology; describes the ability to both survive and reproduce. • fractureDamage to the continuity of a bone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

32. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • fragility fracturesFragility fracture is a type of pathologic fracture that occurs as result of normal activities, such as a fall from standing height or less, suggesting a weakness of the skeleton. • gastrinA hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach. • gastritisInflammation of the lining of the stomach, characterized by nausea, loss of appetite, and upper abdominal discomfort or pain. • Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) A neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. • gliomaA tumor that arises from glial cells in the brain or spinal cord. • glycogenA polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals; converted to glucose as needed. • hematopoiesisThe process by which blood cells are produced; hematogenesis. • hematuriaThe presence of blood in the urine. • HemophiliaA group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken. • Henderson-Hasselbalch equationIn chemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation describes the derivation of pH as a measure of acidity (using pKa, the negative log of the acid dissociation constant) in biological and chemical systems. The equation is also useful for estimating the pH of a buffer solution and finding the equilibrium pH in acid-base reactions (it is widely used to calculate the isoelectric point of proteins). • heterotopic pregnancyA heterotopic pregnancy is a rare complication of pregnancy in which both extra-uterine (ectopic pregnancy) and intrauterine gestation occur simultaneously. • human papillomavirusA virus that affects humans, sometimes causing cervical or other cancer; it is sometimes classified as a sexually transmitted disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

33. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • hyperinsulinismHyperinsulinism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal. • hypertensionThe disease or disorder of abnormally high blood pressure. • hyperventilationThe state of breathing faster or deeper than necessary. • hypoglycemiaA too low level of blood glucose. • hypoplasiaUnderdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ, especially when caused by an inadequate or below-normal number of cells. • hypoxemiaAn abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in the blood, be it the partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg), the content of oxygen (ml oxygen per dl of blood) or the percent saturation of the blood's hemoglobin, singly or in combination. • infectious mononucleosisAn infectious, widespread viral disease caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), one type of herpes virus. Most people are exposed to the virus as children, when the disease produces no noticeable or only flu-like symptoms. • infertilityThe inability to conceive children. • inflammationA condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain. • interstitiumAn interstitial space within a tissue or organ. • ischemiaLocal disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, such as by a narrowed artery or clot. • ischemiaLocal disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, such as by a narrowed artery or clot. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

34. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • kidneyAn organ in the body that filters the blood, producing urine. • lactaseA β-galactosidase enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers. • lactoseThe disaccharide sugar of milk and dairy products, C12H22O11, (a product of glucose and galactose) used as a food and in medicinal compounds. • lactose intoleranceThe inability to fully metabolize lactose. • lateralPertaining to the left or right of the body; further from the midline. • leukemiaAny specific form or type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues • long QT syndromeA heart disease in which there is an abnormally long delay between the electrical excitation (or depolarization) and relaxation (repolarization) of the ventricles of the heart. • Malignant tumorIn cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. • metabolic acidosisIn medicine, metabolic acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. • metabolic alkalosisMetabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range ( 7.35–7.45 ). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate, or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations. • muscular dystrophyA group of genetic diseases that cause progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue. • nephroptosisNephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up and it is more common in women than in men. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

35. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • neural tubeA hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. • NSAIDAny drug of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class used as a pain reliever. • orchitisA painful inflammation of one or both testes. • Paget's diseasePaget's disease of bone is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones. • Pap smearThe Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal (transformation zone) of the female reproductive system. • parotid glandEither of a pair of salivary glands located in front of, and below each ear in humans. • patch testA patch test is a method used to determine if a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin. • peak bone massPeak bone mass is the average bone mass of healthy, young adults. • peritoneal dialysisA treatment for patients with severe chronic kidney disease in which fluids are exchanged from the blood in the patient's peritoneum in the abdomen. • phenylalanineAn essential amino acid C9H11NO2 found in most animal proteins; it is essential for growth; the inability to metabolize it leads to phenylketonuria; it is a constituent of aspartame. • PhenylketonuriaAn autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the gene for the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, rendering it nonfunctional. • plaqueA plaque is a raised area of inflamed skin covered with silvery white scaly skin and connective tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

36. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • polycystic kidney diseasePolycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys. • Posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to an event that is so stressful for an individual that it becomes traumatic. • primary immunodeficiencyAny of the many genetic disorders due to an aspect of the body's immune system being either absent or failing to function normally. • prodromal symptomsA prodrome is an early symptom (or set of symptoms) that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur. • prostaglandinAny of a group of naturally occurring lipids derived from the C20 acid prostanoic acid; they have a number of physiological functions and may be considered to be hormones. • psoriasisA noncontagious disease whose main symptom is gray or silvery flaky patches on the skin which are red and inflamed underneath when scratched. • psychogenic erectionErection achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli • reflex syncopeInvoluntary fainting. • renal calculusA solid concretion or crystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine; a kidney stone. • renal failure uremiaUremia is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure (also called renal failure), in particular the nitrogenous waste products associated with the failure of this organ. • respiratory acidosisRespiratory acidosis is a medical condition in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) causes increased blood carbon dioxide concentration and decreased pH (a condition generally called acidosis). • respiratory alkalosisRespiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration (hyperventilation) elevates the blood pH (a condition generally called alkalosis). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

37. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • reticulocyteAn immature red blood cell, having a reticular network of RNA. • rheumatismAny disorder of the muscles, tendons, joints, bones, nerves, characterized by pain, discomfort, and disability. • rheumatoid arthritisA chronic and progressive disease in which the immune system attacks the joints. It is characterised by pain, inflammation and swelling of the joints, stiffness, weakness, loss of mobility, and deformity. Tissues throughout the body can be affected including the skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs, and muscles. • salivary glandAny of several exocrine glands that produce saliva to break down carbohydrates in food enzymatically. • sebaceous glandA gland of the skin that secretes an oily substance, sebum, usually into a hair follicle near the surface of the skin. • sexually transmitted diseases (STD)Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the development of peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity) despite the absence of an obvious source for the infection. • sprainTo weaken a ligament by sudden and excessive exertion, as by wrenching; to overstrain, or stretch injuriously, but without luxation; as, to sprain one's ankle. • SSRISelective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. • strainAn injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. • superficial veinsThose veins that are close to the surface of the body. • supraventricular tachycardiaAny rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

38. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... • tachycardiaA rapid resting heart rate, especially one above 100 beats per minute. • thrombophiliaThe tendency to develop thrombosis (blood clots) due to an abnormality in the system of coagulation. • thrombosisThe formation of thrombi in the blood vessels of a living organism, causing obstruction of the circulation. • tortuousTwisted; having many turns; convoluted. • total peripheral resistanceTotal peripheral resistance (TPR) is the sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation. Vasculature throughout the entire body can be thought of as two separate circuits—one is the systemic circulation, while the other is the pulmonary circulation. • vasovagal syncopeSituational syncope which may arise in situations where the patient feels scared, threatened, embarrassed, or uneasy. • VEGFSignal protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate. • wheezingA wheeze (formally called "sibilant rhonchi" in medical terminology) is a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. For wheezes to occur, some part of the respiratory tree must be narrowed or obstructed, or airflow velocity within the respiratory tree must be heightened. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

39. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Osteoarthritis Severe osteoarthritis and osteopenia of the carpal joint and first carpometacarpal joint. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Osteo_of_the_hand.jpgView on Boundless.com

40. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in hemoglobin's primary structure This scanning electron micrograph shows red blood cells. Some exhibit the normal donut-shaped morphology while others exhibit the sickle shape characteristic of those with sickle-cell trait or sickle-cell disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sicklecells."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sicklecells.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae now known as Corpus Spongiosum The corpus cavernosum penis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray1154."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1154.pngView on Boundless.com

42. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Rheumatoid Arthritis A hand affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SA 3.0http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPGView on Boundless.com

43. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Vertebral fracture Lateral spine X-ray showing osteoporotic wedge fractures of the spine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."404px-L1_2_vertebral_fracture.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L1_2_vertebral_fracture.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Vagus Nerve The vagus nerve, labeled at the top left and colored in yellow, may lower heart rate, reducing blood flow to the brain and causing vasovagal syncope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gray793."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray793.pngView on Boundless.com

45. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Renal fascia Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray1126.pngView on Boundless.com

46. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Symptoms of Anemia Image displays the common symptoms of anemia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Symptoms of anemia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_anemia.pngView on Boundless.com

47. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Sickle-cell disease This image shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with abnormal (sickle) hemoglobin forming abnormal strands. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sickle cell 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sickle_cell_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

48. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Bone Marrow Aspirate Smear A Wright's stained bone marrow aspirate smear of patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Acute leukemia-ALL."GNU FDL 1.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpgView on Boundless.com

49. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Congenital heart defects This image shows the structure and blood flow in the interior of a normal heart, as well as shows two common locations for a ventricular septal defect. The defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."VSD image."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VSD_image.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. APPENDIX A: Diseases, Injuries, and Disorders o... Auscultogram of heart sounds, including murmurs Changes in heart sounds can indicate specific congenital defects in heart valves and chambers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Phonocardiograms from normal and abnormal heart sounds."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.pngView on Boundless.com