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Professor Dr. Jin BQ Dept. of Food Sci. & Nutrition

Minerals & Elements. Professor Dr. Jin BQ Dept. of Food Sci. & Nutrition. §1 Intriduction. Distribution In the Earth: In the Body: 20 kinds mainly, >70 kinds Influence: Earth, Water, Food. 元素周期表. *. Classification. 1 Macro-elements: or Minerals, Salts

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Professor Dr. Jin BQ Dept. of Food Sci. & Nutrition

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  1. Minerals & Elements Professor Dr. Jin BQ Dept. of Food Sci. & Nutrition

  2. §1 Intriduction • Distribution • In the Earth: • In the Body: 20 kinds mainly, >70 kinds • Influence: Earth, Water, Food

  3. 元素周期表 *

  4. Classification 1 Macro-elements: or Minerals, Salts >0.01% in the body 7 kinds: Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cl, S 60-80% in total minerals Unit: g 2 Microelements: <0.01% or <0.005% in the body Unit: mg, µg

  5. 3 Essential Microelements: FAO/WHO in 1995: 10 kinds Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn WHO in 1973: 14 kinds Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Mn, Co, Mo, F, Se, Sn, Be,Ni, Si, V No substitute materials in body 4 Toxic Microelements: Pb, Cd, Hg, As 5Others: Al, Li and so on

  6. Typicality • Only from food and drink • Variety in different organs • Assisting and anti-assisting • Small quantity in body

  7. Physiological function • Important ingredients in body • Maintaining the balance of pH, osmosis and penetration in cell or in body • Transduction of Muscle and Nerve • Synthesis of functional materials

  8. Deficiency • Distribution in the environment • Inhibitors in foods • Losing in food processing • Special requirement for human • Delaying action

  9. Safety Range (< 85%)

  10. §2 Calcium • The first element in the body • Content: Adult 850-1200g in total Infant 28g at born ≌1.5-2.0% in BW • Renew: Adult 2-4% one year, 700mg/d >45 age 0.7% a year Baby 1-2 year in total p106-108

  11. Distribution • 99% in Bone and Teeth • 1% in body liquid (miscible calcium pool)* 2.1 In blood: 46%-link-protein 6.5%-salt 47.5%-ion-Ca 2.2 Total Content in serum: relative stability [Ca+2] = 2.25-2.75 mmol/L

  12. Effective Factors 1 The ratio of Ca : P in food (1-2:1) 2 Special materials in vegetables (fiber, oxalic /phytic acid) 3 Hormones in body 4 Vitamin D/Sunny 5 Aging

  13. Ca function • Ingredient for bone and teeth • Improving enzyme activity • Maintaining nerve and muscle action with Mg, Zn • Others

  14. Ca Absorption & Metabolism • Absorbed Position: in small intestine Active transfer by ATP & Vit.D 2. Absorption in food = 10-30% 3. Most excreted by feces 20% in urine 30% in sweat 100-150mg/dl in milk 4. Deposit in bone & teeth 5. Exchange in blood

  15. Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA • For Chinese adults 1 RDA: 800mg/p/d in 1998 2 AI: 1000 mg/p/d 3 NOAEL: 1500mg/p/d 4 UL: 2000mg/p/d 5 Requirement: 1g Ca/100g protein in food FDA/WHO: 400-500mg/d at total

  16. Good Sources & Improving • Milk & its products • Shrimp, meat, egg • Ca Supplement • Vit.D, lactose, Isoflavones Diseases • Bone loss/osteoporosis • Richets • Tetany

  17. §3 Phosphorus, P p109-110 • Content: Adult 650g in total ≌1% in BW ¼ in salt • Distribution • 85-90% in Bone and Teeth • 10-15% in body liquid Total Content in Serum: 0.87-1.45 mmol/L Adult Total Content in Serum: 1.45-2.78 mmol/L Child

  18. P Function • Important ingredient in bone & teeth • Taking part in energy metabolism • Ingredient of RNA & DNA, membrane • Ingredient of enzyme • Adjusting the balance of acid-alkali P Absorption & Metabolism • Absorbed in small intestine • Absorption: 60-70% in mixed food • Excreted by 2/3 urine

  19. P RDA/DRIs RDA 700mg/p/d AI 700mg/p/d NOAEL 1500mg/p/d UL 3500mg/p/d

  20. Food sources • Cereals (richer) • Aquatic products • Meat, Poultry • nuts

  21. §4 Magnesium, Mg p110-112 • Content: 20-35g/70kgBW, 0.05% in total • Distribution: 60-70% in bone 27% in muscle 6-7% in other tissues 1% in blood • Normal range in serum: 20-30mg/L

  22. Mg Function • Improving enzyme activity • Maintaining nerve and muscle action* Smooth/relax muscle (similar to Ca) • Ingredient for Gut (MgO) RDA300-350mg/d Mg+Cl

  23. §5 Sulfur, S • Content: 0.25% • Distribution 1 S-protein, Met, Cys 2 Others: Vit.B2, Insulin, Biotin, CoA • Function with protein 1 Ingredients for growing factor, ossein/artilage 2 Taking part in many biochemical action • Excretion: 85-90% in urine

  24. §6 Iron, Fe p113-115 • Essential microelement • Deposition: 3-5g Adult, 0.004-0.006% in Body • Distribution 60-70% Hemoglobin 3% Myoglobin; 1% enzyme-Fe • Storage: 30% in ferritin & hemosiderin • Normal range: Male 120-140g/L Female 110-130g/L

  25. Fe Function • Inner-respiration in tissue • Carrying O2 • Keeping normal blood creative/ RBC • Others: Vit.A Transferrin Lipids carrier

  26. Fe Absorption & Metabolism • Absorption in small intestine (Fe2+) • Excretion: 90% in feces • Effects 1 Foods 2 Drug/diseases 3 HCl, Inn in stomach 4 Vit. C: , B12

  27. Fe RDA/DRIs • RDA Male-12mg/d, Female-18mg/d • AI 15-20mg/d • UL 50mg/d Good Source Meat, liver, egg…… Disease Anemia Oxidation

  28. §7 Iodine, Ip115-117 • Deposition 20-50mg, 0.5mg/kg BW • Distribution: 70-80% in thyroid gland (12-18mg) 16.2%T4 7.6%T3 33.4%T2 32.7%T • Function: Thyroid 3 kinds • Absorption and Metabolism: Total in 3hs • Deficiency or over: Area, anti-factors in food • RDA/DRIs: RNI 150-200µg/d; UL 1000µg/d • Good source: Aquatic products

  29. 碘缺乏：地方性甲状腺肿 胎儿期（呆小病） 克汀病 碘过量: 甲状腺癌 碘强化食物: 碘盐

  30. §8 Zinc, Zn p118-119 • Deposition: 2-2.5g in total; 2nd trace element • Distribution: All of oranges 75-80% in RBC; 3-5% in WBC • Function: Ingredients of enzymes (200 kinds more) Promoting growth Improving immune, appetite, mucosa Keeping membrane structure • Absorption and Metabolism: 20-30% in small intestine with Fe, Cu---- • Deficiency or over: >2g/d • RNI 15/11.5mg/d UL 45/37mg/d • Zn rich in food: Aquatic products, animal food

  31. §9 Selenium , SeP120-121 • 1957 Chinese experts identified Se function in human • Deposition 14-20 mg in body • Distribution: Variety in cells or in organs • Function type: Se-Met from food Se-Cys /active in body -CH3 GSH-Px 4 kinds of function

  32. Absorption: small intestine • Excretion: most in urine litter in lung or sweat • Deficiency or over: Area and food/water 克山病/14省 Toxin/恩施 白肌病 大骨节病 生殖障碍 • RNI 50ug/d UL 400ug/d

  33. §10 Copper, Cu*p121-122 • Content: 50-120mg • Distribution: 50-70% in muscle & bone 20% in liver 5-10% in blood • Function: 4 kinds • Absorption: 40% in small intestine • Excretion: 80% in feces • Metabolism: 90%-binding protein in blood • Deficiency or over: Anemia; Toxin • RNI 1.25mg/d, AI 2.0mg/d, UL 8mg/d

  34. §11 Chromium, Cr3+*p122-123 • Content: 5-10mg • An Ingredient of glucose tolerance factor, GTF (1957) • Function: increasing insulin action, HDL and apol-a • Absorption: litter in gut • RNI 50-200ug/d in US; AI 50ug/d UL 500ug/d • Food sources

  35. §12 Fluorine，F*p124 • Content: 2.9g, most in bone and teeth • Function: Bone & teeth, nerve • Absorption: 75-90% in small intestine • Excretion: 50-80% in urine, litter in feces or skin • Over: Effect on Ca absorbing • AI 1.5mg/d, UL 3.0mg/d

  36. §13 Manganese, Mnp125-126 • Content: 200-400µmol • Normal range in blood: 200nmol • Function: 4 kinds • Absorption: 2-15% in small intestine • Excretion: >90% in feces • Deficiency: 关节病，关节囊水肿，运动失调 • AI 3.5mg/d UL 10mg/d • Food sources

  37. §14 Cobalt, Co*p126 • Content: 1.1-1.5mg in body • An Ingredient in Vit. B12 • Function: For RBC, N. • Deficiency : Effect on RBC and I absorbing • Toxin: Pure • AI 60µg/d UL 350µg/d

  38. 思考题 1何为宏量元素，又称为？ 2何为微量元素，为什么 3食物提供的Ca和P 如何搭配易于吸收 4 Ca的重要性是什么 5一般情况下容易缺Zn吗 6哪些人群易出现缺Fe性贫血 7 I缺乏会产生何种不良症状 8 Se的重要性 9 近年对氟的认识 10 二价元素的互作关系？

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