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Peasant Uprisings and Terror Campaigns: Rural Ireland's Conflict (1750-1798)

This work explores the tumultuous period of rural Ireland from 1750 to 1798, characterized by myriad uprisings and conflicts arising from socio-political and economic tensions. Focusing on key events such as the rise of the Catholic Association, the emergence of the Whiteboys, and the formation of the United Irishmen, it emphasizes the clash of interests between Catholic peasants and Protestant landowners. The consequences of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution also resonate throughout, ultimately culminating in the 1798 Rebellion, a pivotal moment in Irish history.

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Peasant Uprisings and Terror Campaigns: Rural Ireland's Conflict (1750-1798)

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  1. CONTESTINGHISTORYOPPOSINGVOICES 7: Peasant Uprisings or Terror Campaign? Conflict in Rural Ireland, 1750-1798

  2. Conflict in Rural Ireland, 1750-1798 • Post 1745: key questions of Catholic loyalty to the Crown and the repeal of Penal Laws • 1756-63: Seven Years War • 1756: Formation of the Catholic Association • 1760: Formation of the Catholic Committee • 1760s: Whiteboy (Buachaillí Bána)outbreaks in Munster – against enclosure, high rents for potato plots, & Tithes – oath-taking society • 1763: Oakboys in Ulster – against County Cess & Tithes • 1766: Fr Nicholas Sheehy executed • 1770-2: Steelboys in Ulster

  3. Conflict in Rural Ireland, 1750-1798 • 1775-6: American War of Independence • 1778: Volunteers formed • 1778-82: start of the repeal of the Penal Laws • 1784: outbreak of violence between Catholic and Protestant weavers in Armagh Triangle • Protestant Peep-o-Day boys – raiding houses of Catholics • Catholic Defenders • 1780s: Rightboys - for Tithe reduction • Peep-o-Day boys recruited by Protestant gentry into volunteers • Defenderism became an underground secret society

  4. Conflict in Rural Ireland, 1750-1798 • 1789: French Revolution • 1791: United Irishmen formed • 1795: Orange Order founded • 1798: Rebellion • General causes: • Economic: rising population, land shortage, growing poverty – agrarian discontent • Political: disaffected local elites, disgruntled Catholics at failure to pursue reform to its full extent • Social: radical education – French ideas – sense of Irishness

  5. Conflict in Rural Ireland, 1750-1798 • Further Reading: • Bartlett, Thomas, The Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation: The Catholic Question 1690-1830 (Dublin, 1992). • Donnelly, J. S., ‘The Whiteboy Movement, 1761-5’, Irish Historical Studies, xxi (1978-9), 20-59. • Donnelly, J. S., ‘Irish agrarian rebellions: the Whiteboys of 1769-76’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 83, section C (1983), 293-332. • Magennis, Eoin, ‘’A “Presbyterian Insurrection”? Reconsidering the Hearts of Oak disturbances of July 1763’, Irish Historical Studies, xxxi (1998-9), 165-87.

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