Chapter 24 review

1. Chapter 24 review By Morgan Tuttle & Travis McKinney

2. European Expansion in Asia • The government backed companies were drawn into power-struggles with local princes and actually conquered whole territories with government armies. Even though they were not interested in land expansion. • Some prime examples of this is the empire that the Dutch east India trading company created in java and several islands in Indonesia • The British in India.

3. Dutch Company in Indonesia • The Dutch set up their headquarters in Batavia in 1619,and became vassals of the Mataram, that Controlled Java,(the main island) and paid tribute to them. The Dutch created a monopoly in spices. • In the 1670s the Dutch became involved in several succession wars and always backed the eventual winners. The Price for their involvement was more land to expand. • Their Armies were usually made up of native peoples and were led by Dutch commanders. Their superior firepower and tactics gave which ever prince they aligned themselves with a clear edge. • In the 1750 The Mataram tried to force the Dutch out of Indonesia but ended up being conquered. The Dutch then took over Java and created a dynasty that lasted about 200 years.

4. Britain in India • The British were just as aggressive as their Dutch counterparts. Their agents constantly meddled in local affairs. They also recruited Indian troops that were called Sepoys. Indian Princes saw the British as allies that they could use to get rid of their rivals. • The main reason the British took over India was because they were in competition with the French. Which led to the British Raj( British government in India) • The British were involved in five major proxy wars with the French all over the world. Besides the American revolution, the British won every war. The Battle of Plassey(1757) was a key step in the British control in India. The British army that consisted of three thousand mean defeated and India/French army of over fifty thousand men. The British Commander Robert Clive had many spies in the opposing army, bribed the leaders and used old rivalries to pit them against each other. The British after this battle took over Bengal .

5. After British control in India • After the British acquired Bengal they went to war several times with local princes so then they could gain more land. This caused the princes to fight back against the British or other princes to make up for the territory lost. This caused the princes to grow weak and become a cake walk for the British armies. The British paid locals a lot more than the princes so they worked for the British, this caused the Indians to outnumber actual British soldiers 5 to 1 in the British army. • The trading cities of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta became the centers of Control in India that was called the three Presidencies. • The British used Indian recruits to conquer lands such as Afghanistan , Burma, Malaya and China. They also used them to punish the people that fought back. They also used them as shock troops for their invasions into south and east Africa. The British kept the social systems and India became the main manufacturing and source of raw material for the British in the 19th century.

6. Early colonization • At the first the cities were allowed to govern themselves and the arriving Europeans became the top class above the aristocrats in any social hierarchy of the people that the Europeans took over. • European officials got paired with local officials for easier administration purposes. • The Europeans had to adapt to local climates, insects and diseases. This caused them to change the ways they did things dramatically. A lot of European males came to the colonies and married local women and had many babies. This caused mixed marriage to become widely accepted in colonial societies.

7. Social Reforms • Until the mid-19th century the British and Dutch felt that there was no need for social reforms. But due to the government backed trading companies that the governments loosely controlled, this caused widespread corruption in territories controlled by the companies. Many Europeans saw the colonies as a chance to strike it rich and made great fortunes by cheating the local peoples and the company. They became known as nabobs. Their mismanagement of their duties cause the Bengal famine of 1770. Which wiped out a third of the local peoples population. The British parliament in response, restructured the companies hierarchy and made it more accountable for its actions. • Charles Cornwallis (that was defeated by Washington in the American Revolution) in 1790 started a lot of reforms that cleaned up the British courts, reduced the number of local Indian administrators and limited the British administrators power.

8. Religious revival In Britain and its conglomerates • The evangelicals spread their beliefs in the working classes in Britain and then later in their colonies. The struggled to end the slave trade in British territories. They believed that western society was far more advanced than the local peoples society such as India. So they pushed the introduction of British customs and institutions into India and its surrounding peoples. The Utilitarian's Believed that there were common principals by which any society could improve themselves. • They pushed western style education on Britain's colonies. • They also got British lawmakers to outlaw “sati,” which is the burning of widows along with the dead husbands in India.

9. Industrial rivalries • India was drawn into the world market • As Britain increased the size of their navy and the number of their colonies countries such as France , Germany and the U.S would challenge their supremacy and build upon their colonies. They actively increased the number of their own colonies. • Because of the telegraph Political leaders were much more involved in annexing territories outside their control. This also allowed public opinion to shape foreign policies.

10. Colonial wars • Technological innovations helped the Europeans not only conquer people and land but helped them defend it should the need arise. European scientist created larger, more control able explosives. They also made light mobile artillery that allowed them to decimate African cavalry and infantry units. They also invented the machine gun, breach loading rifles that replaced muzzle loaders. Guns that were more accurate and fired faster. • New inventions such as steam powered boats, iron hulls, and massive guns allowed the improvement of European naval power. • With these new advantages no native force could stop the European armies. Except for west African leaders, who were somehow able to resist European conquest for decades. Some Vietnamese leaders would refuse to fight the Europeans, causing local leaders to lead guerrilla attacks against the Europeans. The Zulus fought but on many occasions they were massacred. Religious leaders helped encourage this with magic potions and divine assistance.

11. Colonial control and expansion. • Most European nations kept their colonies dependent on them. As the Europeans expanded their influence they used India as a model for its administrative and educational systems. They also used ethnic divisions to put down resistance and further divide the conquered peoples. Favored minorities were usually given jobs in the government such as police officers. Most Europeans lived in the capital cities and controlled the administration. Only a few elite natives were permitted into the administration and only if they had a western education. Education was left to the missionaries in many cases because of prejudices.

12. Relations between the Natives and the Europeans • Separate living courters and new medicines allowed for many Europeans to come with their families. This allowed for little interaction with the natives because many Europeans kept to their own rank/class. • Brothels were closed to high officials and mixed marriages and living arrangements were highly discouraged. • Many laws were enacted to further separate European women and the colonized peoples. This helped create an idea of white supremacy which is still alive today.

13. Economic shifts • Colonial bureaucrats tried to instill new farming techniques in the natives and get them to work harder to increase production. They used incentives such as cheap consumer goods, to increase production. Most natives had to work for little or no pay and head/hut taxes were enforced and could only be paid in ivory, palm nuts, or wages earned on European plantations. • Colonies were reorganized to help support the industrialized European economies. Rail roads were installed to amp up production and land not developed ever before was developed to grow cocoa, palm oil, rubber and hemp. This caused the colonies to become dependent on the mother country for manufactured goods such as guns.

14. South Africa and the Boer • The Cape colony in south Africa was first founded by the Dutch so their trading ships could rest and get to India. • Boers who were Dutch farmers migrated to this area and enslaved the local peoples. Marriages between the Boers and the local peoples created a large colored population. • The British conquered cape town after Napoleon took over Holland. The Boers were almost completely different than the British. They had different views, languages, and feelings about slavery. The British pushed strongly for the outlaw of slavery. In 1830 many Boers left cape colony because of pressure to give up slavery. This period is called the Great trek. The Boers crossed the Great Fish River in the tens of thousands and ran into the militarily powerful and centralized African states. The British followed the Boers. The Boers created two states and when diamonds and gold were discovered in them this led to open warfare in which the Boers were victorious. Later the war between the Boers and the British in the Boer War destroyed the Boers states and brought them under British control.

15. New Zealand • IN 1790 timber merchants and whalers arrived, they established small settlements. Maori living around these settlements were afflicted with alcoholism and prostitution. The merchants also traded guns for wood and food that drastically changed the Maori warfare. They also brought diseases and reduced the Maori population from 130,000 to 90,000. The British also arrived and claimed the most fertile places for themselves. The Maori fought back but were drove inland. They protected themselves with laws and legal proceedings that the British government had set up. This allowed for the Maori to not be wiped out completely and survive to today.

16. Hawaii • The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898. Hawaii became open to the west after James Cook expedition. The locals at first thought Cook was god. He was killed on a later expedition because of the iron nails in his ship, the locals had stone age technology and iron was highly valued. • Later expeditions convinced a local king called “Kamehameha” that some western techniques could unite his people that lived in tribes and were constantly at war. A series of wars unified Kamehameha’s people. The Hawaiian nobles began to imitate western habits and build western style palaces. • Two local queens also stopped traditional taboos about women and protestant missionaries caused mass conversions. • STD’s and tuberculosis ravaged their population and brought it down from .5 million to a little more than 80 thousand. This caused Asian migrants to be imported to the local estates. Westerners created large towns and the monarchies power decreased, they began to encourage the preservation of their culture. • In 1893 the Monarchy was replaced and in 1998 Hawaii was annexed to the United States.