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BIOCHIPS

BIOCHIPS. INTRODUCTION. Collection of miniaturized test sites of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size.

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BIOCHIPS

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  1. BIOCHIPS

  2. INTRODUCTION • Collection of miniaturized test sites of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size. • A biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few seconds. • A unity between electronics and biology/medicine

  3. IN BRIEF • Bio + Chip = Biochip • Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA • Chip: a computer chip • Biochip: a combination of biological entity and a computer. • Genome chips, Microarrays.

  4. THE IDEA BEHIND BIOCHIP • Merge Biology and Electronics to overcome the brick wall • Learn from natural phenomena and improve the current medical technology • 1980s was the first time Biological entities were put on nonliving substrate.

  5. COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIPS Consists of two components: Transponder Reader

  6. TRANSPONDER • Passive Biochip: No Batteries and energy of its own. • The implantable biochip • It has a very long life, up to 99 years, and no maintenance. • Composed of • Microchip • Antenna coil • Tuning capacitor • Glass Capsule

  7. Transponder • Computer Microchip: Stores the unique ID number. • Using a nnn-nnn-nnn format, the chip has the capability of storing of over 70 trillion unique numbers.

  8. Transponder • Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio antenna to receive and send signals from the reader. • Made up of coil of copper wire around a ferrite or iron core.

  9. Transponder • Tuning Capacitor: Capacitor stores small charge (1/1000 of Watt) sent by the reader. • “Radio waves" are utilized to communicate between the transponder and reader, the capacitor is "tuned" to the same frequency as the reader.

  10. Transponder • Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer. • The small capsule measuring 11 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter, about the size of an uncooked grain of rice.

  11. READER/SCANNER • Transmits a small signal • Charges the tuning capacitor • Receives ID number transmitted by the transponder. • Takes place very fast, in milliseconds. • Displays the result in an • LCD display. The reader • can include a RS-232 port • to attach a computer.

  12. IMPLANT • Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the skin. • Injection is safe and simple, comparable to common vaccines. Anesthesia is not required nor recommended. • Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs. • The right hand and forehead in humans.

  13. DNA BIOCHIP • DNA (Gene expression): • Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study genomes • Study of interactions of individual genes in an organism • Biochips helped to dramatically accelerate the identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA.

  14. QUALITY OF LIFE IMPACTS • Faster diagnosis of diseases • Medicine will improve • People will live longer healthier lives. • Biological warfare diagnoses • (eg: Anthrax) • Creates more jobs and improves the economy.

  15. BIOCHIPS IN NANOSCALE • Nanotechnology has made it possible for a single chip to possess more than million features with its detection abilities than that of conventional methods. • Nanotechnology has made biochips more applicable for commercialization purpose where biochips could be implanted inside body to dynamically transmit the information and monitor any biological changes in vivo. • There has been significant progress on applications of biochips such as DNA chips, protein chips, and carbohydrate chips, and MEMS/NEMS in the field of medical nanotechnology. • One could believe that when fused together, biochips and nanotechnology will endlessly bring scientists to newer and promising researching aspects. 

  16. SUMMARY • Biochips is a very broad field • Many different types of biochips • Biochips is going to set the new trend in Medicine • Still in research phase, but soon will be commercially used

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