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Quarter ends Friday – I accept NOTHING after Friday. Test corrections – due Friday

Quarter ends Friday – I accept NOTHING after Friday. Test corrections – due Friday Tomorrow – Pre-lab for Photosynthesis due River Run – April 8 - 17. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development. What are the 3 main plant organs? Roots Stems Leaves. Reproductive shoot (flower).

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Quarter ends Friday – I accept NOTHING after Friday. Test corrections – due Friday

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  1. Quarter ends Friday – I accept NOTHING after Friday. Test corrections – due Friday Tomorrow – Pre-lab for Photosynthesis due River Run – April 8 - 17

  2. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • Roots • Stems • Leaves

  3. Reproductive shoot (flower) Terminal bud Node Internode Terminal bud Shoot system Vegetative shoot Blade Petiole Leaf Axillary bud Stem Taproot Root system Lateral roots Figure 35.2 An overview of a flowering plant

  4. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • Roots • Stems • Leaves • What are the different varieties of roots? • Tap roots – eudicots & gymnosperms – have lateral roots off of the side • Fibrous roots – monocots – shallow & just below the surface • What are some root modifications? • Figure 35.4

  5. (c) “Strangling” aerialroots (a) Prop roots (b) Storage roots (d) Buttress roots (e) Pneumatophores Figure 35.4 Modified roots

  6. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • Roots • Stems • Leaves • What are the different varieties of roots? • Tap roots – eudicots & gymnosperms – have lateral roots off of the side • Fibrous roots – monocots – shallow & just below the surface • What are some root modifications? • Figure 35.4 • What are stems? • Above ground organ with an alternating system of nodes (where the • leaves attach) & internodes (stem segments between nodes) • Axillary bud – structure at each node that may form a • lateral shoot (branch) • What are some stem modifications? • - Figure 35.5

  7. (a) Stolons. Shown here on a strawberry plant, stolons are horizontal stems that grow along the surface. These “runners” enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner. Storage leaves (d) Rhizomes. The edible base of this ginger plant is an example of a rhizome, a horizontal stem that grows just below the surface or emerges and grows along the surface. Stem Node Root (b) Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical, underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food. You can see the many layers of modified leaves attached to the short stem by slicing an onion bulb lengthwise. Rhizome (c) Tubers. Tubers, such as these red potatoes, are enlarged ends of rhizomes specialized for storing food. The “eyes” arranged in a spiral pattern around a potato are clusters of axillary buds that mark the nodes. Root Figure 35.5 Modified stems

  8. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • Main photosynthetic organ of a plant

  9. (a) Simple leaf. A simple leafis a single, undivided blade.Some simple leaves are deeply lobed, as in anoak leaf. Petiole Axillary bud (b) Compound leaf. In acompound leaf, theblade consists of multiple leaflets.Notice that a leaflethas no axillary budat its base. Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud (c) Doubly compound leaf.In a doubly compound leaf, each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets. Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud Figure 35.6 Simple versus compound leaves

  10. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • Main photosynthetic organ of a plant • What are some modified leaves? • - Figure 35.7

  11. (a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which thispea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has “lassoed” a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines. (b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such as this prickly pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems. (c) Storage leaves. Most succulents, such as this ice plant, have leaves modified for storing water. (d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia are often mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves called bracts that surround a group of flowers. Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators. (e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe daigremontiana, produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil. Figure 35.7 Modified leaves

  12. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • Dermal – outer protective covering • Vascular – long distance transport between roots & shoots • Ground – tissue between vascular & dermal

  13. Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue Figure 35.8 The three tissue systems

  14. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Parenchyma • Least specialized, typical plant cell • Thin, flexible primary walls • Do most of metabolic work • Photosynthesis • Storage • All other cells derived from parenchyma

  15. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Uneven & thicker primary walls than parenchyma • Grouped in strands or cylinders for support of young plant • Provide support without restricting growth • No secondary walls & no lignin

  16. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Sclerenchyma • Thicker secondary walls with lignin for rigid support • Mature sclerenchyma cannot elongate & are usually dead lacking a • protoplast • 2 forms • Fibers – long, slender, tapered & usually in bundles – rope & flax • fibers for linen • Sclerids – short & irregular shaped that provide hardness to • nut shells, seed coats & the gritty texture of pears

  17. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Sclerenchyma • Tracheids & vessels elements • H2O conducting cells • Tracheids • All vascular plants • Long, thin cells with tapered ends • Vessel elements (angiosperms) • Wider, shorter & less tapered • Perforated ends & sometimes sides

  18. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Parenchyma • Collenchyma • Sclerenchyma • Tracheids & vessels elements • Sieve-tube members • Sugar-conducting cells of phloem • Alive but lack nucleus, ribosomes, & vacuole • Companion cells help load sugar

  19. PARENCHYMA CELLS WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM Tracheids Vessel 100 m Pits Parenchyma cells 60 m COLLENCHYMA CELLS Tracheids and vessels Cortical parenchyma cells 80 m Vessel element Vessel elements with partially perforated end walls Tracheids SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM Sieve-tube members: longitudinal view Collenchyma cells SCLERENCHYMA CELLS 5 m Companion cell Sclereid cellsin pear Sieve-tube member 25 m Sieve plate Nucleus Cell wall 30 m 15 m Companion cell Cytoplasm Fiber cells Figure 35.9 Examples of Differentiated Plant Cells

  20. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Where do plants grow? • - Meristems

  21. Primary growth in stems Shoot apical meristems (in buds) Epidermis Cortex In woody plants, there are lateral meristems that add secondary growth, increasing the girth of roots and stems. Primary phloem Primary xylem Vascular cambium Lateral meristems Pith Cork cambium Secondary growth in stems Apical meristems add primary growth, or growth in length. Periderm Cork cambium Pith The Cork cambium adds secondary dermal tissue. Primary xylem Cortex Primary phloem Root apical meristems Secondary xylem The vascular cambium adds secondary xylem and phloem. Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Figure 35.10 An overview of primary and secondary growth Primary growth – apical meristems Secondary growth – lateral meristems

  22. Cortex Vascular cylinder Epidermis Key Zone of maturation Root hair Dermal Ground Vascular Zone of elongation Apical meristem Zone of cell division Root cap 100 m Figure 35.12 Primary growth of a root

  23. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Where do plants grow? • How are leaves structured?

  24. Key to labels Guard cells Dermal Stomatal pore Ground Vascular Epidermal cell Sclerenchyma fibers 50 µm Cuticle (b) Surface view of a spiderwort (Tradescantia) leaf (LM) Stoma Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Bundle- sheath cell Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Guard cells Cuticle Vein Xylem Vein Air spaces Guard cells Guard cells Phloem 100 µm Transverse section of a lilac (Syringa) leaf (LM) (c) (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues Figure 35.17 Leaf anatomy

  25. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Where do plants grow? • How are leaves structured? • Let’s consider primary & secondary growth of a stem….

  26. (a)Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old stem 1 Pith Primary xylem Epidermis Vascular cambium Cortex Primary phloem Figure 35.18 Primary and secondary growth of a stem

  27. (a) Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old stem 3 1 2 4 Pith Primary xylem Epidermis Vascular cambium Cortex Primary phloem Xylem ray Growth Phloem ray Cork Primary xylem First cork cambium Secondary xylem Primary phloem Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Figure 35.18 Primary and secondary growth of a stem

  28. (a) Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old stem 6 5 7 8 9 2 3 4 1 Pith Epidermis Cortex Primary xylem Epidermis Vascular cambium Cortex Primary xylem Xylem ray Growth Phloem ray Cork Primary xylem First cork cambium Secondary xylem Primary phloem Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Secondary phloem Periderm(mainly cork cambiaand cork) Growth Bark Primary phloem Primary phloem Layers of periderm Secondary xylem(two years ofproduction) Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Vascular cambium Cork Secondary xylem Most recentcork cambium Primary xylem Primary xylem Pith Pith Vascular cambium Figure 35.18 Primary and secondary growth of a stem

  29. Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth & Development • What are the 3 main plant organs? • What are the different varieties of roots? • What are some root modifications? • What are stems? • What are some stem modifications? • What is a leaf? • What are some modified leaves? • What are the 3 tissue systems of plants? • What are the different types of plant cells? • Where do plants grow? • How are leaves structured? • Let’s consider primary & secondary growth of a stem…. • Where does secondary occur? • Vascular cambium

  30. Vascular cambium C X C C C P (a) Types of cell division. An initial can divide transversely to form two cambial initials (C) or radially to form an initial and either a xylem (X) or phloem (P) cell. X X C X P X P C X P C P X C C (b) Accumulation of secondary growth. Although shown here as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually produces much more xylem. Figure 35.19 Cell division in the vascular cambium

  31. Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Bark Layers of periderm Figure 35.20 Anatomy of a tree trunk

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