Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

1. ApplyingCLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS ACME Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants SESSION8 United Nations Environment ProgramDivision of Technology Industry and Economy Swedish International Development Agency

2. ACME – Session 8 - Stockholm convention on POPs - 2 / 26 OUTLINE Objectives of this session 1/ Background information > What chemical properties characterize POPs ? > What are the effects from POPs on health and environment ? > What are the milestones of global action against POPs ? 2/ The convention > Which chemicals are targeted ? > What are the commitments of the Parties ? 3/ Implementation > What is the implementation status ? > What are the possibility to help? 4/ Cleaner Production and Stockholm Convention > How can CP help to address POPs sources ? > What is the role of Cleaner Production Centers (CPC) ?

3. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 3 / 26 BACKGROUND 4 characteristics for POPs POPs are carbon-based compounds characterized by: ADVERSE EFFECTS > POPs are toxic to humans and wildlife. BIOACCUMULATION > POPs become widely distributed throughout the environment. PERSISTENCE > POPs remain intact in the environment for a long time. LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT > POPs accumulate in fatty tissue of living organisms.

4. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 4 / 26 BACKGROUND Release and dispersion of POPs POPs can be released into the environment, transported, and redeposited in water and on land far from their sources.

5. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 5 / 26 BACKGROUND Transport through the food chain Effects shown in food chain far away from any potential source.

6. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 6 / 26 BACKGROUND Effects of POPs on wildlife/humans Cancers Birth defects Dysfunctional immune, development, and reproductive systems Fertility problems Disease susceptibility Diminished intelligence HUMAN BEINGS ANIMALS

7. Normal process Mimicking hormones Inhibiting hormones RESPONSE NO RESPONSE ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 7 / 26 BACKGROUND Endocrine disruption mechanisms RESPONSE

8. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 8 / 26 BACKGROUND Milestones 70’s & 80’s - Many governments take national action. 90’s - Work on POPs begun in various forums. 1962 - Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”. June 1996 - Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety > concludes that urgent global action on the 12 POPs was warranted;> develops recommendations. February 1997 - UNEP/GC Decision 19/13C > Establishes POPs Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to develop global POPs treaty. May 2001 - Conference on Stockholm Convention > 129 countries participated in the Conference;> 92 countries and the EC signed the treaty.

9. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 9 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Overview of the Convention • Adopted in May 2001, entered into force in May 2004. • Status of participation (2006): 151 signatures, 124 Parties. • Objective (Article 1) :“ To protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. ” • 3 groups of chemicals: • > Annex 1: Intentionally produced chemicals to be eliminated. • > Annex 2: Intentionally produced chemicals with restrictions. • > Annex 3: Unintentionally produced chemical. • Parties are obliged to take measures to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs covered by the convention.

10. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 10 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION 12 chemicals targeted Industrial chemicals By-products Pesticides Aldrin X Chlordane X Dieldrin X Endrin X Heptachlor X Mirex X Toxaphene X Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) X X X Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) X X DDT X Chlorinated dioxins X Chlorinated furans X Annex A- Intentionally produced chemicals that need to be eliminated. Annex B-Intentionally produced chemicals with restrictions. Annex C - Unintentionally produced chemicals.

11. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 11 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Requirements for different kinds of POP ANNEX A - Each Party shall prohibit and/or take the legal and administrative measures necessary to ELIMINATE: > Its production and use of chemicals in Annex A;> Its import and export of chemicals in Annex A. ANNEX B - Production and use of chemicals in Annex B should be ELIMINATED, EXCEPT FOR “acceptable purposes”: > Currently listed: only DDT used for disease vector control.> Industry must cease production of new PCBs immediately;> Industry must eliminate use of in-place PCB equipment by 2025;> Industry must achieve the environmentally sound management of PCB wastes as soon as possible and latest by 2028. ANNEX C - Parties are to take measures to MINIMIZE or ELIMINATE releases of the unintentionally produced POPs.

12. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 12 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Unintentionally produced POPs • Manufacturing process where use of chlorine-containing materials is essential: • > Pulp & paper (bleaching) • > Chlorinated chemical productions (synthesis of chlorinated aromatic chemicals, chlorinated solvents, PVC, ..) • > Oil refining and catalyst generation • Production application/use with chlorine-containing materials: • > Preservation of wood, leather, textiles • > Textile and leather dying • > Industrial bleaching processes • > Processes which involves solvents • > Water and wastewater disinfection • Thermal processes with chlorine-containing materials incidentally present • Other thermal processes • > Metallurgical process, primary and secondary processes (Cu, Fe, Al, Zn) • > Coke production and carbo-chemical processes • > Mineral processing; especially cement kilns • Controlled combustion processes: • > Waste incineration • > Coal and oil combustion • > Landfill gas/biogas Priority focus for Cleaner Production

13. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 13 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION POP as by-products To reduce release of POPs BY-PRODUCTS, each Party shall: > Develop and implement an action plan to evaluate release and then take steps to address them; > Promote application of measures to achieve realistic and meaningful levels of release reduction or source elimination; > Promote development and use of substitute or modified materials, products and processes to prevent release of POPs.

14. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 14 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Stockpiles and wastes To manage STOCKPILES and WASTE, each Party shall: > Develop strategies for identifying stockpiles, products and wastes containing POPs; > Manage POPs stockpiles and wastes in an environmentally sound manner; > Dispose of POPs wastes in manner consistent with international rules; > Disposal that recycles POPs is not permitted; > Transport of POPs wastes is not permitted without taking into account international rules.

15. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 15 / 26 STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Identifying new POPs PROCEDURE for adding new POPs to the Convention : > Any Party may submit a proposal for listing chemicals in Annexes A, B or C; > POPs Review Committee is to be set up under the COP to review submissions, develop risk profiles and risk management evaluations and make recommends to COP; > COP makes decision, Convention must be amended accordingly (ratification required). 5 CANDIDATES are under consideration to join the initial list : > Chlordecone (synthetic chlorinated organic compound) > Hexabromobiphenyl (flame retardant for synthetic fibres and plastics) > Pentabromodiphenyl (flame retardant) > Lindane (pesticide) > Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

16. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 16 / 26 IMPLEMENTATION Financial resources DEVELOPED COUNTRIES > Parties from developed countries shall provide new and additional funding to developing countries and countries with economies in transition. FINANCIAL MECHANISM > There will be a financial mechanism established under the treaty (undefined yet)to assist countries in its implementation. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) > On an interim basis GEF will serve as the principal financial mechanism of the Convention until the COP decides on the institutional structure of the permanent financial mechanism.

17. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 17 / 26 IMPLEMENTATION General provisions COMMITMENTS of the Parties : > Develop a NIP (National Implementation Plan); > Facilitate information exchange; > Promote public information, awareness and education; > Encourage research, development and monitoring; > Report to COP on measures taken; > Evaluate effectiveness of the treaty; > Provide technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition; > Promote technology transfer.

18. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 18 / 26 IMPLEMENTATION Country status (1) What is the situation in your country? □Yes□No Initial lists of stockpiles and concerned activities completed. POPs are already banned under national legislation. Organizational structure is being set up and national research resources (labs) are identified. Dialogue with chemical industry started. R&D to phase out certain POPs (e.g. for pest control) are in place. Raising public awareness. □Yes□No □Yes□No □Yes□No □Yes□No □Yes□No

19. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 19 / 26 IMPLEMENTATION Country status (2) What are the problems that need to be solved? > Stockpiles of pesticides. > No policies regarding disposal of stockpiles. > Abandoned factories and storage warehouses can contain banned POPs. > High costs for removal and destruction of stockpiles. > Inadequately defined responsibilities of authorities. > Insufficient monitoring procedures for POPs sources and sites. > Low level of awareness and environmental culture (industry & public). > Outdated production equipment and technologies. > POPs related laboratory control and procedures not available.

20. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 20 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM Priority Focus for CP = Unintentionally produced POPs A relevant strategy for industry ? • 1- Industry is mainly responsible for unintentionally produced POP’s (dioxins and furans) and utilisation of PCB’s. • 2- Expected stricter emission regulations in the near future and/or ban of use of PCB’s. • 3- End-of-pipe solutions is normally not a solution, because:: • > Expensive to install equipment • > Cannot tackle all sources (esp. SMEs) • > Merely transfer pollution to other media There is need for practical implementation of the precautionary approach

21. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 21 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM How can Cleaner Production address POPs sources ? Examples of CP approaches > Process control, adequate operation and maintenance > Establishing closed production cycles > Eliminating chlorine-based materials via product and process re-design > Choice of alternative processes/products > Change of input materials

22. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 22 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM Role of Cleaner Production Promoters (1) Assistance in development of National Implementation Plans. 1) Supportthe NIP development process: > Offer a forum for stakeholders dialogue on the basis of CP partnerships; > Help to involve industry in the process by providing positive motivations. 2) Support the Inventory of POPs sources: > Knowledge and experience of working with local industries (from pulp and paper, metal foundry, textile industry, etc.); > Offer services in creating inventories based on emission factors estimations.

23. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 23 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM Role of Cleaner Production promoters (2) 3) Assessment of national infrastructure and capacity to manage POPs: > Use knowledge of the local industry and assess potential for POPs elimination while reaching economic benefits; > Analyze results of previous Cleaner Production assessments and initiatives; > Focus on searching for Cleaner Production solutions that give positive incentives for industry to minimize dioxin/furan emissions. 4) Priority setting and determination of objectives > Elaborating BAT (Best Available Techniques) and BET (Best Environmental Practices) adopted to local conditions.

24. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 24 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM Role of Cleaner Production promoters (3) 5) Assessment of the needs and formulation of a NIP > Assist national implementation actors in organizing dialogue and cooperation with industry by emphasizing, where possible, economic benefits of dioxin/furan emissions minimization; > Promote multi-benefit CP solutions for minimizing POPs releases; > Use experience of formulating National Cleaner Production Action Plans, policies and regulations available via the NCPC network(e.g. Czech Republic, China); > Analyze existing BAT and BEP and suggest contribution to developing BAT and BEP for sources of dioxin/furans in the region; > Offer assistance in determining BAT and BEP to the national authorities. 6) Endorsement of the NIP by the stakeholders > Assist in conducting the stakeholder dialogue.

25. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 25 / 26 CP & STOCKHOLM Synthesis Collaborate in enabling activities(such as the NIP). Cooperate in assessments of national infrastructure and capacity to manage POPs. Submit projects to GEFwith National Focal Point (NFP). Cooperate in inventorying POPs sourcesand monitoring POPs release. Awareness raising through trainingsand demonstration projects. CleanerProductionActivities StockholmConvention

26. ACME – Session 8 – Stockholm convention on POPs - 26 / 26 CONCLUSION End of session 8 Thank you for your attention… Any questions?