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Libraries in the Cloud

Marshall Breeding Independent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding. Libraries in the Cloud. October 30, 2013. Internet Librarian 2013. Summary.

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Libraries in the Cloud

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  1. Marshall Breeding Independent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding Libraries in the Cloud October 30, 2013 Internet Librarian 2013

  2. Summary • While cloud-based technologies have an incredible potential to benefit libraries, it's important to understand the specific architectures and deployment models involved and their specific advantages or disadvantages. Breeding separates the marketing hype from practical realities and explains ways that cloud computing can transform libraries and enable them to achieve their strategic work.

  3. Cloud Computing for Libraries Book Image Publication Info: • Volume 11 in The Tech Set • Published by Neal-Schuman / ALA TechSource • ISBN: 781555707859 • http://www.neal-schuman.com/ccl

  4. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Ensure business applications and technology infrastructure in step with current operational and strategic realities • Tools capable to manage all components of library collections • Print – electronic – digital • Interfaces capable of delivering access to all material types for library users • Discovery – services – fulfillment • Take full advantage of current computing capabilities and architectures

  5. Key Context: Libraries in Transition • Academic Shift from Print > Electronic • E-journal transition largely complete • Circulation of print collections slowing • E-books now in play (consultation > reading) • All libraries: • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

  6. Key Context: Technologies in transition • Client / Server > Web-based computing • Beyond Web 2.0 • Integration of social computing into core infrastructure • Local computing shifting to cloud platforms • Application Service Provider offerings standard • New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile • Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

  7. Fundamental technology shift • Mainframe computing • Client/Server • Web-based and Cloud Computing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

  8. Major trend in Information Technology Term “in the cloud” has devolved into marketing hype, but cloud computing in the form of multi-tenant software as a service offers libraries opportunities to break out of individual silos of automation and engage in widely shared cooperative systems Opportunities for libraries to leverage their combined efforts into large-scale systems with more end-user impact and organizational efficiencies Cloud Computing

  9. Beyond “Cloudwashing” • Cloud as marketing hype • Cloud computing used very freely, tagged to almost any virtualized environment • Any arrangement where the library relies on some kind of remote hosting environment for major automation components • Includes almost any vendor-hosted product offering • Example: ASP now Software-as-a-Service

  10. Cloud computing – characteristics • Web-based Interfaces • Externally hosted • Pricing: subscription or utility • Highly abstracted computing model • Provisioned on demand • Scaled according to variable needs • Elastic – consumption of resources can contract and expand according to demand

  11. Gartner Hype Cycle 2009

  12. Gartner Hype Cycle 2010

  13. Gartner Hype Cycle 2011

  14. Gartner Hype Cycle 2012

  15. Gartner Hype Cycle 2013

  16. Budget Allocations Local Computing Cloud Computing • Server Purchase • Server Maintenance • Application software license • Data Center overhead • Energy costs • Facility costs • Annual Subscription • Measured Service? • Fixed fees • Factors • Hosting • Software Licenses • Optional modules

  17. Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple sites Software functionality delivered entirely through Web interfaces No workstation clients Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments Software as a Service

  18. SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models Bibliographic knowledgebase: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries Discovery indexes: article and object-level index for resource discovery E-resource knowledge bases: shared authoritative repository of e-journal holdings General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Data as a service

  19. Reconceptualization of Automation • Current organization of functionality based on past assumptions • Possible new organizing principles • Fulfillment = Circulation + ILL + DCB + e-commerce • Resource management = Cataloging + Acquisitions + Serials + ERM • Customer Relationship Management = Reference + Circulation + ILL (public services) • Enterprise Resource Planning = Acquisitions + Collection Development

  20. Open Systems • Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies • Libraries need to do more with their data • Ability to improve customer experience and operational efficiencies • Demand for Interoperability • Open source – full access to internal program of the application • Open API’s – expose programmatic interfaces to data and functionality

  21. Impact of Cloud technologies on Resource Discovery

  22. Challenge: More integrated approach to information and service delivery • Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos: • Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module) • Search the Web site • Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections • OpenURL linking services • E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) • Subject guides (e.g. SpringshareLibGuides) • Local digital collections • ETDs, photos, rich media collections • Metasearch engines • Discovery Services – often just another choice among many • All searched separately

  23. Discovery from Local to Web-scale • Initial products focused on technology • AquaBrowser, Endeca,Primo, Encore, VuFind, • LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena • Mostly locally-installed software • Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery • Primo Central (Ex Libris) • Summon (Serials Solutions) • WorldCat Local (OCLC) • EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) • Encore Synergy (no index, though)

  24. Populating Web-scale index with full text • Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation • Indexing fulltext of content amplifies access • Every title, phrase, term becomes an access point • Important to understand depth indexing • Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation • Many other factors

  25. Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data (2009- present) Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Aggregated Content packages Search Results Consolidated Index Open Access … E-Journals CustomerProfile Usage-generatedData Reference Sources Pre-built harvesting and indexing

  26. Impact of cloud technologies on Resource Sharing

  27. Integrated Library System Branch 6 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 8 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 7 Branch 3 Main Facility Search: Holdings Patrons useCirculation featuresto request itemsfrom other branches Model: Multi-branchIndependentLibrary System Floating Collectionsmay reduce workload for Inter-branchtransfers BibliographicDatabase Library System

  28. Consortial Resource Sharing System Resource Sharing Application Branch 5 Branch 7 Branch 3 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 8 Branch 6 Branch 7 Branch 8 Branch 4 Branch 7 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 3 Branch 1 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 3 Branch 6 Branch 8 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 7 Branch 8 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3 Branch 7 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 8 Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 6 Branch 4 Branch 5 Branch 4 Branch 3 Branch 2 Branch 1 Branch 3 Branch 7 Branch 6 Branch 5 Branch 8 Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Main Facility Discovery and Request Management Routines Search: NCIP NCIP Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings Holdings NCIP NCIP BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase BibliographicDatabase Inter-System Communications NCIP SIP ISO ILL Z39.50 Staff Fulfillment Tools Library System D Library System E Library System A Library System C Library System B Library System F NCIP NCIP

  29. Shared Consortial ILS Library 6 Library 1 Library 8 Library 7 Library 10 Library 4 Library 3 Library 2 Library 9 Library 5 Search: Holdings ILS configured To support Direct consortial Borrowing throughCirculation Module Model: Multipleindependentlibraries in a Consortium Share an ILS BibliographicDatabase Shared Consortia System

  30. Strategic Cooperation and Resource sharing • Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate • Many regional consortia merging (Example: Illinois Heartland Library System) • State-wide or national implementations • New Zealand: Kōtui, TePuna • Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations • Many libraries share computing infrastructure and data resources

  31. Iceland Libraries

  32. South Australia SA Public Library Network 140 Public Libraries

  33. Chile

  34. Georgia PINES • 275 Libraries • 140 Counties • 9.6 million books • Single Library Card • 43% of population in Georgia

  35. Northern Ireland • Recently consolidated from 4 regional networks into one • 96 branch libraries • 18 mobile libraries • Collections managed through single Axiell OpenGalaxy LMS http://www.ni-libraries.net/

  36. Illinois Heartland Library Consortium • LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members

  37. Denmark

  38. Denmark Shared LMS • Common Tender for joint library system • February 2013 • 88 municipalities: 90 percent of Danish population • Public + School libraries • Process managed by Kombit: non-profit organization owned by Danish Local Authorities • Dantek awarded contract June 2013 • [contested by Axiell]

  39. Orbis Cascade Alliance • 37 Academic Libraries • Combined enrollment of 258,000 • 9 million titles • 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems • Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 • Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator / VDX in 2008 • Current strategy to move to shared LMS based on Ex Libris Alma

  40. 2CUL Collection Development Shared Services: Technical Services Shared Infrastructure?:

  41. 2013: The current state of discovery • Online Catalogs of ILS modules in decline • Increasing numbers of academic libraries offer discovery services • Index-based search emerges • Summon, Primo/Primo Central, EBSCO Discovery Service, WorldCat Local • Indexes growing in comprehensiveness and depth. • Relevancy algorithms gaining sophistication • Increasing numbers of publishers and providers cooperate with library discovery services • Open Discovery Initiative launched October 2011

  42. New-generation Library Management

  43. Fragmented Library Management • LMS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and local government or other parent organization • E-book lending platform (multiple?) • Interlibrary loan (borrowing and lending) • Self-service and AMH infrastructure • Electronic Resource Management • PC Scheduling and print management • Event scheduling • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

  44. Is the status quo sustainable? • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and campus • Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) • OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

  45. Policies $$$ Funds BIB Vendor Holding / Items CircTransact User Integrated (for print) Library System Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog BusinessLogic DataStores

  46. Policies LicenseTerms BIB Vendors Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor E-JournalTitles $$$ Funds LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ` Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog E-resourceProcurement LicenseManagement Protocols: CORE

  47. BIB Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor Policies $$$ Funds Common approach for ERM Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: Budget License Terms Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog Titles / Holdings Vendors Access Details

  48. Almost no systematic automation support for references and research services Customer Relationship Management? Resource sharing / Interlibrary loan management Collection development support Gaps in Automation

  49. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows • Support for management of metadata in bulk • Continuous lifecycle chain initiated before publication

  50. Academic Libraries need a new model of library management • Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System • The ILS/LMSwas designed to help libraries manage print collections • Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections • Other library automation products evolved: • Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

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